Chp 11 Kinship, Marriage, and the Family: Love, Sex, and Power

Unilineal

________- based on descent through a single descent line, either males or females.

Teknonymy

________- a system of naming parents by the names of their children.

Polygyny

________- when a man is simultaneously married to more than one woman.

Lewis Henry Morgan

________ (1871) identified six basic kinship terminology patterns.

sex unions

As same- ________ gain widespread acceptance, polygamy is decreasing in many parts of the world.

Melanesia

In Africa and ________ having more than one wife indicates an important man with greater wealth, higher social status, or more importance in the community.

Dowry

________- a large sum of money or in- kind gifts given to a daughter to ensure her well- being in her husbands family.

Incest taboo

________- the prohibition on sexual relations between close family members.

Culture

________ and personality movement- a school of thought in early and mid- twentieth- century American anthropology that studied how patterns of childrearing, social institutions, and cultural ideologies shaped individual experience, personality characteristics, and thought patterns.

Trobriand Islanders

In matrilineal societies (such as the ________) everyone is a member of his or her mothers clan, and a persons strongest identity is with relatives in the mothers clan and lineage.

Polyandry

________- when a woman has two or more husbands at one time.

Asia

Polygamy: any form of plural marriage; previously far more common in Africa, ________, the Americas, and the Pacific than they are today.

Kinship

________- the social system that organizes people in families based on descent and marriage.

Lineage

________- a group composed of relatives who are directly descended from known ancestors.

Genealogical amnesia

________- the structral process of forgetting whole groups of relatives, usually because they are not currently significant in social life.

India

The practice of dowry has been illegal in ________ since 1961, but these laws are not observed in many parts of the country.

Margaret Mead

In the culture and personality movement, anthropologist ________ examined childrearing practices cross- culturally.

Reproductive technologies

________ have become a normal part of life in industrialized norms.

inheritance rules

Families also control wealth, property, and power through ________.

International adoption

________ has posed political and cultural implications between countries and has raised important questions for adoptees about their cultural identities.

ethnic backgrounds

In the case of arranged marriages, parents may select partners from specific socioeconomic, religious, educational, or ________.

Matrilineal

________- reckoning descent through women, who are descended from an ancestral woman.

Clan

________: a group of relatives who claim to be descended from a single ancestor.

Patrilineal

________: reckoning descent through males from the same ancestors.

Rules of inheritance

________ create an orderly process and serve to keep wealth and property in the family.

Bridewealth

________ may take many forms, including wild game in Amazon communities, pigs and shell valuables in New Guinea societies, or a young mans work as "bride service "for his wifes family for a set period of time.

Compensation

________ for this loss is called bride price: exchange of gifts or money to ________ another clan or family for the loss of one of its women along with her productive and reproductive abilities in marriage.

Marriage

________ creates formally recognized ties between the ________ partners and their respective families, and any children resulting from the union are considered "legitimate ..

Bride price

________- gifts or money given by the grooms clan or family to compensate the brides clan or family for the loss of one of its women along with her productive and reproductive abilities.

Nonindustrial societies

________, even those without legal codes, also have inheritance rules.

Kroebers research

________ on kinship terminologies has been highly influential for two reasons: (i) thousands of terminologies can be condensed into a few basic systems of organizing people, and (ii) kinship terms are more than labels or descriptors; they indicate the specific nature of relationships, rights, and responsibilities that exist between kin.

Kinship

________ chart- a visual representation of family relationships.

Polygyny

________: when a man is simultaneously married to more than one woman.

Lineage

________: a group composed of relatives who are directly descended from known ancestors (usually a known human ancestor)

Unilineal

________: based on descent through a single line, either males or females.

Clan

________- a group of relatives who claim to be descended from a single ancestor.

Matrilineal

________: reckoning descent through women, who are descended from an ancestral woman.

Inheritance rules

________ have been codified as law in Western countries for centuries.

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Families fulfill similar functions in most societies

comfort and belonging for members, a sense of identity, shared values and ideals, economic cooperation, and nurturance of children

Although these functions are common, the patterns of achieving them are constructed in culturally specific and dynamic systems of kinship

the social system that organizes people in families based on descent and marriage

Many assume the model presented in 1950s sitcoms like The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet and Leave It to Beaver

working father, stay-at-home mother, and dependent children

Still, the United States and many other nations in the world, view the nuclear family as an ideal form

the family formed by a married couple and their children

But many other forms exist, and this makes kinship charts particularly helpful to anthropologists

visual representations of family relationships (see Figure 13.2)

In economics, as well as other aspects of life, families function as corporate groups

groups of real people who work together toward common ends much like a corporation does

We call these extended families

larger groups of relatives beyond the nuclear family, often living in the same household

Clan

a group of relatives who claim to be descended from a single ancestor

Lineage

a group composed of relatives who are directly descended from known ancestors (usually a known human ancestor)

Clans are most often exogamous

a social pattern in which members of a clan must marry someone from another clan, which has the effect of building political, economic, and social ties with other clans

Unilineal

based on descent through a single line, either males or females

Patrilineal

reckoning descent through males from the same ancestors

Matrilineal

reckoning descent through women, who are descended from an ancestral woman

In addition to clans and lineages, anthropologists have documented cognatic (or bilateral) clans

reckoning descent through either men or women from some ancestor

Kroebers research on kinship terminologies has been highly influential for two reasons

(i) thousands of terminologies can be condensed into a few basic systems of organizing people, and (ii) kinship terms are more than labels or descriptors; they indicate the specific nature of relationships, rights, and responsibilities that exist between kin

This is called genealogical amnesia

structural process of forgetting whole groups of relatives, usually because they are not currently significant in a persons active social life

See "Thinking Like an Anthropologist

Genealogical Amnesia in Bali, Indonesia, and the United States"

Compensation for this loss is called bride price

exchange of gifts or money to compensate another clan or family for the loss of one of its women along with her productive and reproductive abilities in marriage

Another form of marriage payment, common in India, is dowry

a large sum of money or in-kind gifts given to a daughter to insure her well-being in her husbands family

Polygamy

any form of plural marriage; previously far more common in Africa, Asia, the Americas, and the Pacific than they are today

Polygyny

when a man is simultaneously married to more than one woman

Polyandry

when a woman has two or more husbands at one time-significantly rarer than polygyny

These are referred to as incest taboos

the prohibition on sexual relations between close family members

Bride price 

gifts or money given by the grooms clan or family to compensate the brides clan or family for the loss of one of its women along with her productive and reproductive abilities

Clan

a group of relatives who claim to be descended from a single ancestor

Cognatic

reckoning descent through either men or women from some ancestor

Corporate groups 

groups of people who work together toward common ends, much as a corporation does

Culture and personality movement 

a school of thought in early and mid-twentieth-century American anthropology that studied how patterns of childrearing, social institutions, and cultural ideologies shaped individual experience, personality characteristics, and thought patterns

Dowry

a large sum of money or in-kind gifts given to a daughter to ensure her well-being in her husbands family

Exogamous

a social pattern in which members of a clan must marry someone from another clan, which has the effect of building political, economic, and social ties with other clans

Extended families 

larger groups of relatives beyond the nuclear family, often living in the same household

Genealogical amnesia 

the structral process of forgetting whole groups of relatives, usually because they are not currently significant in social life

Incest taboo 

the prohibition on sexual relations between close family members

Kinship

the social system that organizes people in families based on descent and marriage

Kinship chart 

a visual representation of family relationships

Lineage

a group composed of relatives who are directly descended from known ancestors

Matrilineal

reckoning descent through women, who are descended from an ancestral woman

Natal family 

the family into which a person is born and in which she or he is (usually) raised

Nuclear family 

the family formed by a married couple and their children

Patrilineal

reckoning descent through males from the same ancestors

Polyandry 

when a woman has two or more husbands at one time

Polygamy

any form of plural marriage

Polygyny

when a man is simultaneously married to more than one woman

Teknonymy

a system of naming parents by the names of their children

Unilineal

based on descent through a single descent line, either males or females

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