Civil Rights and Vietnam War Flashcards
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Flashcards covering key events and figures of the Civil Rights Movement and the Vietnam War.
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67 Terms
What was the significance of Brown vs Board of Education (1954)?
It overturned 'separate but equal' in schools.
What did 'All Deliberate Speed' refer to in the context of Brown vs. Board?
A vague phrase that allowed Southern states to resist integration.
Who were the Little Rock Nine?
Nine Black students involved in the first desegregation attempt at Central High School, Arkansas.
Who was James Meredith?
A Black student who integrated the University of Mississippi with federal troops.
Who was George Wallace?
The Alabama governor who blocked university entrance to prevent integration.
Who was Emmett Till?
A 14-year-old boy murdered in Mississippi; his open casket galvanized the Civil Rights Movement.
What action is Rosa Parks known for?
Refusing to give up her bus seat, which sparked the Montgomery Bus Boycott.
What was the Montgomery Bus Boycott?
A 381-day protest against segregated buses that established MLK as a leader.
What is SCLC?
Southern Christian Leadership Conference - MLK's civil rights organization.
Who was John Lewis?
Student leader of SNCC who organized sit-ins and Freedom Rides.
What is SNCC?
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee - a young activists' organization.
What is CORE?
Congress of Racial Equality - organized Freedom Rides.
What was the purpose of the Freedom Rides?
Integrated bus trips testing interstate travel desegregation.
What were the Birmingham Marches?
1963 protests in 'most segregated city' that used children as demonstrators.
What was the March on Washington?
A march of 250,000 people for jobs and freedom, where MLK delivered his 'I Have a Dream' speech.
What did the Civil Rights Act of 1964 do?
Banned discrimination in public places and employment.
What was Freedom Summer?
A 1964 Mississippi voter registration campaign using white college volunteers.
Who was Fannie Lou Hamer?
A Mississippi sharecropper who led the voting rights movement.
What was the Selma-Montgomery March?
1965 voting rights protests targeting an Alabama city with 2% Black registration.
What did the Voting Rights Act of 1965 do?
Banned literacy tests and required federal oversight of elections.
What was the Great Society?
LBJ's domestic programs including Medicare and War on Poverty.
Who was Barry Goldwater?
A conservative Republican who ran against LBJ in 1964.
What was Operation Rolling Thunder?
A 1965-1968 sustained bombing campaign against North Vietnam.
What was the 'Search and Destroy' strategy?
A military strategy to find and eliminate Viet Cong forces.
What was the Battle of Ia Drang?
The first major US-North Vietnamese battle, showing the war would be long and costly.
What was the Tonkin Gulf Incident?
A 1964 alleged attack on U.S. ships used to justify Vietnam escalation.
What is De Jure Segregation?
Segregation by law (primarily in the South).
What is De Facto Segregation?
Segregation by practice/custom (primarily in the North).
What was the 'Opening to China'?
A 1972 diplomatic breakthrough establishing US relations with Communist China.
What was SALT I?
A 1972 Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty limiting nuclear weapons between the US and USSR.
What was Vietnamization?
A policy of withdrawing US troops while training South Vietnamese forces to fight.
What were the Paris Peace Accords?
The 1973 agreement ending US involvement in the Vietnam War.
What was the Fall of Saigon?
The April 1975 communist victory ending the Vietnam War.
What was the Tet Offensive?
A January 1968 coordinated North Vietnamese attack on South Vietnamese cities.
Who was Eugene McCarthy?
An anti-war Democratic candidate who challenged Johnson in the 1968 primaries.
What was the significance of MLK's assassination?
His April 4, 1968 murder in Memphis sparked nationwide riots.
What was the significance of RFK's assassination?
His June 5, 1968 killing eliminated a major anti-war presidential candidate.
What was the Chicago Convention?
The 1968 Democratic gathering marked by violent anti-war protests.
Who is Muhammad Ali?
A Heavyweight champion who refused military service, lost boxing title.
What was Khe Sanh?
Remote Marine base besieged for 77 days during Vietnam War
What was 'Body Count'?
Military strategy measuring success by enemy casualties kil led
What were the Watts Riots?
1965 Los Angeles uprising marking shift from peaceful to violent civil rights
Who were the Black Panthers?
Revolutionary organization advocating armed self-defense and socialism
What is Nation of Islam?
Black Muslim organization promoting racial separation
Who was Malcolm X?
Black nationalist leader assassinated in 1965 after leaving Nation of Islam
What was Chicago Freedom Movement?
MLK's 1966 campaign against housing discrimination in Chicago
What was Fair Housing Act?
1968 law banning discrimination in housing sales and rentals
What is Napalm?
Incendiary weapon causing severe burns, symbol of war's brutality
What is Desegregation?
The ending of authorized segregation, or separation by race.
What was Green vs. New Kent County?
Ruled that desegregation had to happen now Gov. Lynwood Holton made a stand by enrol ling his children into Richmond City Public schools
What was Boston Busing Crisis?
A series of protests and riots in Boston resulting from a decision of forced desegregation by busing junior classes of a largely black school and a largely white school to the opposite schools.
What were Sit ins?
protests by black col lege students, 1960-1961, who took seats at whites only lunch counters and refused to leave until served; in 1960 over 50,000 participated in sit-ins across the South. Their success prompted the formation of the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee.
Who was Martin Luther King?
Civil rights leader advocating nonviolence, assassinated April 1968
Who was John F Kennedy?
President who supported civil rights, assassinated November 1963
What was Mississippi Burning?
1964 murder of 3 civil rights workers by KKK in Mississippi
What was the strategy of Winning of Hearts and Minds in Vietnam?
U.S. strategy to gain Vietnamese civilian support through aid programs
What is Voter suppression?
Southern tactics to prevent black voting through literacy tests and pol l taxes
Who was Robert McNamara?
Defense Secretary who managed Vietnam buildup, later regretted war
Who was Lyndon Johnson?
President who escalated Vietnam War and created Great Society programs
What is Medicare?
1965 government health insurance program for elderly Americans
What is Medicaid?
1965 government health insurance program for low-income Ameri- cans
What was Loving v. Virginia?
1967 Supreme Court case striking down laws banning interracial marriage
Who was Hubert Humphrey?
1968 Democratic nominee who lost to Nixon, supported Vietnam War
What is Détente?
Nixon policy of relaxing tensions with Soviet Union and China
What was Evacuation of Saigon?
April 1975 chaotic U.S. withdrawal as North Vietnam captured South Vietnam
Who was Henry Kissinger?
Nixon's Secretary of State who negotiated Vietnam withdrawal
Who was Dwight Eisenhower?
President who first sent military advisors to Vietnam in 1950s