APUSH period 4

What is the purpose of the Preamble?

To state the goals of the government (“We the People…”)

What does Article I establish?

The Legislative Branch (Congress).

What does Article II establish?

The Executive Branch (President)

What does Article III establish?

The Judicial Branch (Supreme Court and federal co

What does Article IV address?

Relationships among the states.

What does Article V describe?

The amendment process.

What does Article VI include?

The Supremacy Clause (Constitution is highest law).

What does Article VII cover?

Ratification of the Constitution.

What is Separation of Powers?

Government power is divided into three branches

What are Checks and Balances?

Each branch can limit the powers of the others.

What is Federalism?

Power is divided between national and state governments.

What is Popular Sovereignty?

Government power comes from the people.

What is Limited Government?

Government must follow the Constitution.

What is Republicanism?

Citizens elect representatives to govern.

What are Individual Rights?

Freedoms protected in the Bill of Rights (1791)

What precedents did Washington set?

Two-term limit and the presidential Cabinet.

What was the Neutrality Proclamation?

The U.S. would stay out of European wars.

What was the importance of the Whiskey Rebellion?

Showed the power of the federal government.

What did Washington warn against?

Political parties and foreign alliances.

What was the XYZ Affair?

A diplomatic conflict that strained U.S.–France relations.

What were the Alien & Sedition Acts?

Laws that restricted rights and were highly controversial.

What political party conflict grew during Adams’ presidency?

Federalists vs. Democratic-Republicans.

Why was the Election of 1800 significant?

It was a peaceful transfer of power (“Revolution of 1800”).

What was the Louisiana Purchase?

1803 purchase that doubled U.S. territory.

What was the purpose of the Lewis & Clark Expedition?

To explore the Louisiana Territory.

What was the effect of the Embargo Act of 1807?

It hurt the U.S. economy.

What war occurred during Madison’s presidency?

The War of 1812.

What significant events happened during the war?

Burning of Washington; writing of “The Star-Spangled Banner.”

What grew in the U.S. after the War of 1812?

Nationalism.

What was the Era of Good Feelings?

A time with little political conflict.

What was the Monroe Doctrine (1823)?

Europe must stay out of the Western Hemisphere.

What major division increased during Monroe’s term?

Sectionalism.

Why was the 1824 election called the “Corrupt Bargain”?

The House chose Adams despite Jackson winning more votes.

Why was Adams unpopular?

His strong nationalist policies.

Who did Jackson appeal to?

The “common man.”

What changed about voting during Jackson’s era?

Most white men could vote (expanded suffrage).

What was the Indian Removal Act (1830)?

Law leading to the Trail of Tears.

What was the Nullification Crisis?

A conflict over states’ rights vs. federal power.

What was the Bank War?

Jackson’s fight against the national bank.

What did Marbury v. Madison establish?

Judicial Review (Supreme Court can declare laws unconstitutional).

What powers did the decision reinforce?

Implied powers under the Necessary & Proper Clause.

Could states tax federal institutions?

No

How did the case affect federal power?

It strengthened it.

Who controls interstate commerce?

Only Congress

What was the result of Gibbons vs. Ogden (1824)?

Increased federal power over the economy.

Fletcher v. Peck (1810)

Why was this case important?

First time Supreme Court overturned a state law.

Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819)

What did the ruling protect?

Private contracts from state interference.

What were the first political parties?

Federalists vs. Democratic-Republicans.

What major land expansion occurred?

Louisiana Purchase.

How did democracy grow in the Jackson era?

More people (white men) could vote.

What major conflict continued in early U.S. history?

Federal vs. state power.

What grew after the War of 1812?

Nationalism.

What major economic issues shaped the time period?

Tariffs, national bank, internal improvements.