[FINAL] CCProg1 Midterms

Syntactical errors

Syntactical errors

caused by deviating from grammatical rules of the language

Logical errors

caused due to faulty algorithm formulation

Compile errors

errors that occur when syntax errors are encountered while translating the program code into a form that the physical computing machine can understand

Run-Time errors

the effect of logical errors; appears during the execution of the program

User’s manual

step by step instruction on how to use the program

Internal Documentation

comments included in program regarding how program was designed and created

Technical Manual

printed details on how the program was designed and created

Algorithm

a list or sequence of steps that will solve the given problem

Flowchart

a graphical representation of a list or sequence of steps to solve the given problem

Coding

converting algorithm or flowchart to actual code in a
programming language

Encoding

process of entering the program through a computer terminal directly into computer memory

Bugs

errors in a code

Debugging

the process of removing or correcting the bugs or errors in the program

ellipse

start and end of a program

arrow

points to the next step/ activity to be done

parallelogram

input and output

rectangle

process to be done

diamond

decision/ choice of yes or no

Numeric Constants or Literals

Whole numbers (integers), Real numbers (floating-point), and Exponential representation

Rules for defining numeric constants

1. No comma.

2. No space between the unary sign and digits.

3. Begins and end with a digit.

Character Constants

single characters enclosed in single quotes

String Literals

series of characters enclosed in double-quotes

Identifiers

descriptive names for variables, constants, and other entities

Rules for defining identifiers

1. Must consist of letters, digits, and underscore.

2. Cannot start with a digit.

3. Cannot redefine standard library identifiers.

4. Case sensitive.

Variables and Data Types

store values that can change during program execution

Constants

entities with fixed values and is defined using preprocessor directive #define

Keywords and Separators

reserved words with special meanings in C

Comments

non-executable text for code explanation, improving readability

Functions

group of instructions in C that performs a  particular task, or as the name implies, performs a specific function

Library

a collection of different functions

Predefined functions

built-in functions in standard libraries

User-defined functions

created functions in own library

Conditional Statements

statements that check certain conditions before executing certain statements

If-statement

either logical or relational expressions; 0 for false and 1 for true

Switch statements

can only check equality relationships

Syntax of switch statements: Expression

whose value is being tested; only expressions that evaluate to a character or integer types are allowed

Syntax of switch statements: Labeli

value that the expression is checked against

Syntax of switch statements: Statementi

the statement that will be executed if the <expression> is equal to the value in the <label i>

Syntax of switch statements: Break

prevents the execution of the next statements; exits from the switch statement

Syntax of switch statements: Default

counterpart of an ‘else statement‘

What is the meaning of this operator: ==

equal to

What is the meaning of this operator: <=

less than or equal to

What is the meaning of this operator: >=

greater than or equal to

What is the meaning of this operator: !=

not equal to

What is the meaning of this operator: &&

and

What is the logical operator of this?

&&

What is the meaning of this operator: ||

or

What is the logical operator of this?

||

What is the meaning of this operator: !

not

What is the logical operator of this?

!

L8r

Valid

star*ting

Invalid

num_Values

Valid

"hello"

Valid

0.85

Valid

'\'

Invalid

+35, 480

Invalid

`a`

Invalid

.75

Valid

"'"

Valid

'/n'

Invalid

''

Invalid

'"'

Valid

-1,000,000

Invalid

4e5

Valid

1 234

Invalid

"\\"

Valid

““

Valid

5e-7

Valid

-54

Valid

10 + 23 % (17 – 4 * 2) / (24 – (7 + 15 % 2))

10

 150 - (-6 + 8 * 4 – 22 % 4) – (5 – (15.2 / 2))

128.6

2 – 4 * 3 + 26 / 2

3

 (3 + 4) * 2.0 / 2 + 3.0

10.0

5 + 6.6 / 2.2 * 0.5

6.5

(x – y) <= ((j – k) – 1)

i = 1, j = 2, k = 3, x = 5.5, and y = 7.7

TRUE

 (k + j) != (i + 1 * 4)

i = 1, j = 2, k = 3, x = 5.5, and y = 7.7

FALSE

 i && j

i = 1, j = 2, k = 3, x = 5.5, and y = 7.7

TRUE

 i == j && i + j == k || y == x + 2 

i = 1, j = 2, k = 3, x = 5.5, and y = 7.7

FALSE

–i <= j – k && !j

i = 1, j = 2, k = 3, x = 5.5, and y = 7.7

FALSE

number of students

int

GPE (grade point equivalent)

float

sex (M for male and F for female)

char

discounted price

float/ double

value of PI (with 200 decimal places)

double

tab character

‘\t‘

newline character

‘\n‘

character 8

‘8‘

real number value of 1/2

0.5

integer twenty thousand and three

20003

string Taft Avenue

“Taft Avenue“

real number 8

8.0

null string or empty string

““

'/n'

not a valid literal

“8“

string

\a

alert

\\

backslash

\’

single quotation mark

\”

double quotation mark

\t

tab