Pathology Quiz 1

pathology

the study of disease

disease

abnormal disturbance in body structure and function

pathogenesis

origin of a disease

syndrome

a group of signs that labels a condition

symptom

subjective/how you feel

sign

objective/can visually see

etiology

causes of a disease

iatrogenic

result of a medical treatment

idiopathic

unknown cause

diagnosis

assigning a name of the disease

prognosis

predicted outcome

osteolytic disease

subtractive vs objective (takes away)

osteoblastic disease

additive vs sclerotic (adds bone mass)

congenital

occurs in utero, present at birth

hereditary

genetic

inflammatory

heat, swelling, pain, redness, loss of function

degenerative

caused by deuteriation of the body

metabolic

disturbance of the normal physiologic functions of the body

neoplastic (tumor)

new, abnormal tissue growth, benign vs malignant

fibroma

fibrous tissue

chondroma

cartilage

adenoma

glandular (covers the organs/glands)

lipoma

fatty

myoma

muscle

hemangioma

busted blood vessels

polyps

if not removed, could be cancerous

characteristics of a malignant tumor

grow, invade and spread

myeloma

blood cells in the bone marrow

leukemia

cancer in blood cells that spread through the blood stream

sarcoma

malignant (bone, muscle or cartilage)

the four types of metastatic spread

hematogenous, lymphatic, invasion, seeding

hematogenous

blood cells that break off, travel by blood stream

lymphatic

lymph tissue

invasion

because of close proximity to another structure

seeding

distant tissues

abscess

puss (tissue of the body)

effusion

joints (air-fluid levels)

edema

fluid in the tissues

ischemia

restriction of blood flow to the bodies tissues

type of ischemia

cardiac, brain, intestinal, limb

cardiac ischemia

coronary artery (atherosclerosis)

brain ischemia

stroke

intestinal ischemia

embolism, necrosis (infarct)

limb ischemia

peripheral artery disease/gangrene

hemorrhage

active, on-going blood loss/ internal or external

hematoma

collection of clotted blood inside of the blood vessels (causes by injury or trauma, normally a bruise under the skin)

atrophy

the physiological process of reabsorption and breakdown of tissues

3 types of atrophy

physiologic, pathologic, neurogenic

dysplasia

abnormal development of cells within tissues

3 types of dysplasia

hyperplasia, hypoplasia, aplasia

number of bones in the skeletal system

206

2 types of skeletal systems

appendicular and axial

very dense surface layer of all bones

compact

joint structure and function types

fibrous- synarthrodial, cartilaginous- amphiarthrodial, synovial- diarthrodial

3 types of bone cells and their function

osteoblasts- form, osteoclasts - remove, osteocytes - maintain

3 types of blood cells found in bones

erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets

what is the organic and inorganic substance of bone

inorganic- calcium, organic- collagen

another name for spongy bone

cancellous bone

process by which bone is continually replaced by new bone

bone remodeling

what is considered a symptom of a disease process

pain

a compression fracture of the lumbar space that results from steroid treatments for a pain would be what type of disease

iatrogenic

the process of assigning a name to a patients condition

diagnosis

7 categories used for disease classification

congenital, heredity, inflammatory, degenerative, metabolic, traumatic and neoplastic

a disease such as cystic fibrosis is transmitted by a parent

hereditary

5 clinical signs of inflammation

heat, pain, swelling, redness and loss of function

degenerative disease caused by aging

osteoarthritis

inflammatory disease caused by high levels of uric acid in the blood

gout

difference between malignant and benign

malignant- cancerous, benign- noncancerous

4 ways in which malignant neoplasms metastasize

hematogenous, lymphatic, seeding and invasion

what congenital pathologic condition is present if the posterior elements of one of more vertebrae fail to unite

spina bifida

an inherited disorder of connective tissue characterized by multiple fractures and bluish color of the sclera of the eye

osteogenesis imperfecta

a possible cause would be an open fracture

osteomyelitis

most common form of dwarfism

achondroplasias

medical term used for clubfoot

talipes equinovarus

pathology in young children resulting in the failure of the femoral head to sit correctly within the acetabulum

congenital hip dysplasia

what is the most common type of osteogenesis imperfecta

type 1

another name for osteopetrosis

marble bone

what is the genetic disorder called where you cannot separate your fingers

syndactylism

what is the presence of extra digits

polydactylism

what is another name for clubfoot

talipes equinovarus

what disorder makes your toes pull medially

clubfoot

what disorder results from incomplete articulation of the femoral head with the acetabulum

congenital hip dysplasia

where is the most common extra rib found

cervical spine

what is the failure of the posterior elements to fuse properly

spina bifida

how many types of spina bifida are there

3

what is the mildest type of spina bifida

spina bifida occulta

what kind of spina bifida does not include the spinal cord

meningocele

what is the most common type of spina bifida

myelomeningocele

what percentage of spina bifidas are myelomeningocele

70%

what is a result of spina bifida (80% of people will get this)

hydrocephalus

what is the inflammation of the bone and the bone marrow that is caused by infectious organisms that reach the bone

osteomyelitis

what type of inflammatory disease is bacterial

osteomyelitis

disease with inflammatory changes occurring throughout the body’s connective tissue

rheumatoid arthritis

what inflammatory disease is a chronic autoimmune disease

rheumatoid arthritis

non-inflammatory disease charactered by gradual deterioration of the articular cartilage

osteoarthritis

what is the most common type of arthritis

osteoarthritis

what disease is caused by the development of osteophytes along margins of the articular edges of the bone

osteoarthritis

disease that develops in people who have high levels of uric acid in their blood

gout

what joint is most frequently attacked by gout

MTP joint

natural part of aging, decrease in bone density

osteoporosis