Education Final Review

capitalism

resources and means of production and profits privately held, opposed to jointly or publicly held

class

relative social relations in terms of income, wealth, status, and/or power, a key social relations within capitalist systems

classism

the institutional, cultural, and individual set of practices that assign differential value to people according to their socioeconomic status, ensures inequality between classes

poverty

results from individual choices and behaviours, or cultural beliefs or practices that undermine economic gain, a systemic component of an economic system, and is reproduced through deficit school programs and forms of exploitation

cultural capital

aspects of culture, such as family background, traditions, education, attitudes, behaviours, and taste evaluated in society and that typically help (or not) one achieve economic success

deficit thinking

situates the blame for high levels of educational failure among poor, racialized students

culture of poverty myth

poor not only ack resources but they acquire a poverty-perpetuating value system, and must learn the hidden rules of the middle class if they are to climb out of poverty and achieve success in school and the workplace

asset-based pedagogies

teaching approaches that focus on students’ existing strengths, knowledge, cultural backgrounds, and experiences as valuable resources for learning, rather than focusing on perceived deficits or weaknesses

child hunger

less support for single income families, minorities, refugees - government will listen to people who are more supported and to those with more data

school meal programs

provide enough time for children to eat nutritious breakfast/snacks, enhance students’ physical, emotional, social and intellectual development and readiness to learn

race

not a static social category or identity, but created by humans that people are different because we come from different origins

racism

form of oppression in which one racial group dominate over other minoritized groups, involves institutional power and authority, produces advantage and disadvantage, unequal distribution of privileges, resources and power

multiculturalism

a form of governing a diverse population, a political strategy to address contesting language, culture, and land claims within the nation

nation-state

a country where the people (the nation) largely share a common culture, language, history, or ethnicity, making the state and the people culturally aligned

racial innocence

criminal justice is innocent of racial power until proven otherwise

whiteness

the assumed, unspoken, or unmarked norm in our society that racial dominance accrues are widely ignored and unacknowledged by white people

immigration

concern around “racial strife” and groups “fitting into” Canadian society and culture used to limit immigration, desire to preserve “European character” of the nation

stereotypes

fixed, generalized ideas about groups rather than individuals, often passed down without factual basis

streaming

the process of sorting students into groups on the basis of ability, then groups are assigned to programs of study that correspond to ability (formal and informal)

labelling

attaching meanings to individuals that can influence how teacher and peers treat them, based on where a students lives, mannerisms, way of speaking, or culture values

anti-racist education

to expose how racism, in itself and in conjunction with other types of oppression, contributes to the suppression of opportunities for specific racialized groups

culturally relevant pedagogy

addresses student achievement while helping students accept and affirm their cultural identity and develop critical perspectives that challenge inequities continued in schools and other institutions

culture

the norms, values, practices, patterns of communication, language, laws, customs, and meanings shared by a group of people in a given time and place

sex

biological and phenotypical markers used to categorize male and female

gender

what it means to be male or female in a given culture, includes behaviours, roles, norms, beliefs, expectations, etc

gender performance

social practices through which individuals and groups enact an embodied sense of identity

patriarchy

a system of power organized around men; typically involves discourses and mode of oppression that center maleness as the appropriate source of power

misogyny

denigration of women and traits associated with femininity

sexism

institutionalized forms of oppression that systemically disadvantage women

heteronormativity

culture built around the centrality and power of heterosexual behaviour and gender expression

heterosexism

institutionalized forms of oppression that systemically disadvantage queer, trans, non-binary, and gender conforming people

socialization

the ongoing process of learning the expected behaviours, values, norms, and social skills of individuals who occupy particular roles in society

primary socialization

associated with early learning through family and community

secondary socialization

associated with learning through institutional norms, procedures, and practices

conformity

behaviour in accordance with socially accepted conventions or standards

behavioural conformity

socializing children to fit into the social environment of the school

moral conformity

students internalizing what is considered to be right/wrong, good/bad

cultural conformity

learning proper value systems, expression, and forms of knowledge

disability

encompasses a broad range of bodily, cognitive, and sensory differences and capacities

ableism

privileges independence, measurable achievement, and the ability to work and contribute to the economy

eugenics

co-operates with the workings of nature by securing that humanity shall be represented by the fittest races

ability testing

involves intelligence testing as a measure of student ability and capacity

special education

provides tailored support and services for students with disabilities to help them succeed