Module H Cell Theory and Integumentary system

NA exam prep

Cell theory

basic principle stating that all living organisms are made of cells and cells are the basic unit of life

Cells

basic building blocks of the human body that combine to form tissues

Organelle

structure within a cell that performs a specific function

Tissue

group of similar cells working together to perform a specific function

Organ

structure made of tissues that carries out a special function

System

group of organs working together for a specific purpose

Organism

all body systems functioning together to sustain life

Epithelial tissue

tissue that covers internal and external body surfaces

Connective tissue

tissue that supports and connects other tissues such as bone blood and ligaments

Muscle tissue

tissue that stretches and contracts to produce movement

Nerve tissue

tissue that receives and carries impulses to the brain

Tumor

growth of abnormal cells that may be benign or malignant

Benign tumor

noncancerous tumor that does not spread to other body parts

Malignant tumor

cancerous tumor that invades nearby tissue and may spread

Metastasis

spread of cancer cells to other parts of the body

Neoplasia

growth of abnormal cells forming a tumor

Chemotherapy

treatment using drugs to kill cancer cells

Radiation therapy

treatment using high energy rays to destroy cancer cells

Seven warning signs of cancer

change in bowel habits, sore that does not heal, unusual bleeding, lump, indigestion, mole change, persistent cough

Integumentary system

the skin and its structures which protect the body

Epidermis

outer layer of skin containing living and dead cells

Dermis

inner layer of skin containing nerves, blood vessels, sweat glands, and hair roots

Subcutaneous tissue

fatty layer beneath dermis that insulates and cushions the body

Function of skin

protects body, regulates temperature, eliminates waste, provides sensation, stores fat and vitamins

Normal skin findings

warm dry skin without rash swelling or discoloration

Bony prominences

areas where bone is close to the skin such as elbows, hips, and heels

Pressure injury

damage to skin caused by unrelieved pressure

Stage 1 pressure injury

intact skin with redness over a bony area

Stage 2 pressure injury

partial thickness skin loss or blister

Stage 3 pressure injury

full thickness skin loss exposing fat

Stage 4 pressure injury

full thickness tissue loss exposing muscle, tendon, or bone

Unstageable pressure injury

pressure injury covered with dead tissue making stage difficult to determine

Deep tissue pressure injury

purple or dark red skin damage from pressure or shear

Friction

rubbing of skin against a surface

Shear

when skin stays in place but underlying tissues move causing damage

Shingles

viral infection causing painful rash or blisters on one side of body

Stasis dermatitis

skin condition on lower legs caused by poor circulation and fluid buildup

30 degree lateral position

side lying position using pillows to reduce pressure on hip

Pressure injury prevention

regular repositioning, skin inspection, moisture control, and proper positioning