period 6 safmed

joseph glidden

He invented barbed wire in 1874 which helped farmers fence in their lands on the lumber-scarce plains.

farmers alliance

Taught about scientific farming methods, improving the economic conditions for farmers.

Ocala platform

The Ocala Platform demanded many things such as Treasury notes and silver to be used to increase the amount of money in circulation. However, the alliances stopped short of forming a political party. Many of the reform ideas presented would become part of the populist movement, which would shake the foundations in the elections of 1892 and 1896.

turner’s frontier thesis

Argued that the Frontier helped shape the United States through an evolutionary process of constructing civilization.

frederick jackson turner

Wrote “The Significance of the Frontier in American History,” also known as the Frontier Thesis, which continues to shape discussions about the nation's past.

little big horn

Also called Custer's Last Stand, marked the most decisive Native American victory in the long Plains Indian War. The demise of Custer and his men outraged many white Americans and confirmed their image of the Indians as wild and bloodthirsty.

ghost dance movement

The Government saw this movement as a threat. This led to the massacre of Wounded Knee in the Dakotas, which resulted in more than 200 American Indian men, women, and children’s deaths.

assimilationists

They attempted to control and alter the customs and practices of Native Americans forcibly by setting up boarding schools, such as the Carlisle School in Pennsylvania. They did this to segregate American Indian children from their people and teach them White culture and farming and industrial skills.

helen hunt jackson

Wrote a century of dishonor (1881) to improve treatment of Native Americans by the United States government

Dawes act of 1887

The act was designed to break up tribal organizations and create divisions among native americans.

Indian reorganization act

Promoted the reestablishment of tribal organization and culture

santa fe trail

This trail opened up the Spanish-speaking southwest to economic development and settlement. It was a vital link until a railroad was completed in 1880.

yosemite

California state park in 1864 (it became a national park in 1890)

yellowstone

First national park in 1872

conservationists

Believed in scientific management and regulated use of natural resources

john muir

Credited with both the creation of the national park system and the establishment of the sierra club

sierra club

Aimed to preserve natural areas from human interference

george Washington carver

promoted growing other crops besides cotton such as peanuts, sweet potatoes, and soybeans. His work helped diversify Southern agriculture.

Tuskegee institute

The institute provided higher education for African Americans. it allowed newly freed slaves to be taken seriously and be given jobs.

white supremacy

It is an ongoing issue that causes people of color to be treated inhumanely.

Civil rights cases of 1883

The Court ruled that racial discrimination practiced by citizens and businesses could not be banned by Congress.

Plessy v Ferguson

The court’s decision supported the Jim Crow Laws.

Jim crow laws/Discriminatory policies

Jim Crow Laws: Segregation caused restrictions for African americans. They were mistreated by business owners, citizens, and the government.

Literacy Tests, Poll Taxes and Grandfather Clauses:  Tests and poll taxes prevented uneducated and unemployed minorites to be able to vote. These, as well as grandfather clauses. took away a part of their freedom.

lynch mob: Lynch mobs caused the deaths of over 1,400 black men in the late 1800s.

Economic Discrimination: African Americans were restricted from being trained for the work force, preventing them from making money.

Ida B Wells

She campaigned against Jim Crow Laws and lynching. She was forced to move North to continue her writing due to death threats.

Booker T Washington

His institute allowed African  Americans to learn skill trades. He believed Black Americans should focus on their work instead of challenging segregation. He organized the National Negro Business League to support African American owned businesses.

Atlanta compromise

The Atlanta compromise was important because Washington is a very influential civil rights activist and helped inspire many african americans to work hard.

W.E.B. DuBois

He called the black community to protest and encouraged them to demand immediate equality.

transatlantic cable

This allowed for faster and more efficient communication over longer distances.

Alexander Graham Bell

The development of the telephone changed not only communication between two people but changed the way business was conducted which boosted the American economy heavily.

Eastman’s Kodak Camera

The Eastman’s Kodak camera allowed a new way of freezing moments in time forever.

Henry Bessemer

Henry Bessemer created the Bessemer converter that turned iron to steel; revolutionizing the steel industry.

Thomas Edison

He developed many devices that used electricity which greatly influenced the world.

Menlo Park

Thomas Edison used this laboratory to create inventions that use electricity such as light bulbs.

George Westinghouse

He invented the Air brake for railroads and the transformers for power lines. These inventions made transportation in cities easier because the train was better and the transformer led to the creation of the electric street car.

Brooklyn Bridge

This bridge made it possible To commute from residential areas to the city center.

R H Macy

He was important because he introduced large department stores to New York.

Sears, Roebuck & Co

These companies used the railroads to ship products to customers at their homes.

Gustavus Swift

This was important because it introduced a consumer economy to America.

American Railroad Association

They are important because they are the ones who decided to split the country into 4 separate time zones. Railroad time eventually was adopted as the standard time for Americans.

Cornelius Vanderbilt

He increased the efficiency of trains by merging local railroads into New York.

Jay Gould

This forced railroads to give their best shippers discounts while charging outlandish prices to smaller shipping companies.

JP Morgan

Eliminated competition, stabilizing rates and reduced debts, making the railroad system more efficient

Andrew Carnegie

Worked his way up from poverty to become the superintendent of a Pennsylvania railroad

United States Steel

The largest enterprise in the world, and controlling more than three-fifths of the nations steel business

John D Rockefeller

He founded a company that would quickly eliminate its competition and take control of most of the nation oil refineries

monopoly

This is what the standard oil trust had become

standard oil

Controlled 90 percent of the oil refinery business

Trust

Standard oil became a trust in which one board of trustees managed a combination of once-competing oil companies

horizontal integration

The type of integration that Rockefeller and the oil industry took

vertical integration

This type of integration highly improved profit within companies

Holding company

The holding company was created to have an overall advisor over all the branch owned industries to increase profit and efficiency

Laissez-faire

This was a way to make the government steer away from being involved in the economy to improve business and society

social darwinism

This was applied to the marketplace which was believed that money should be in the hand of the fit. This gives an example of the social classes become more distinct. This bolstered the views of economic conservatives

William Graham Sumner

Taught social darwinism to his students in sociology explaining that helping the poor threw off the laws of nature and weakened evolution

protestant work ethic

Made wealthy business owners and workers that god gave them their riches

Horatio Alger

His novels portrayed a young man of modest means who became wealthy through hard work. In reality upward mobility did exist but it was an unusual method called rags to riches

Railroad Strike of 1877

A national strike that spread through multiple counties that numbered in 500000+ workers, was shut down by federal troops, wages were improved to help workers with grievances

National labor union

Fought for higher wages, better working hours, as well as equal rights for women and African Americans.

knights of labor

Originally starting up as a secret organization it later went public and fought for many reforms like better work hours, abolition of child labor, trusts, and monopolies, as well as settling labor disputes

haymarket bombing

A bomb was thrown killing 7 police officers. Set back the labor movement and resulted in the loss of popularity of the Knights of Labor because the movement was seen as violent and radical

AFL

Like other organizations, they fought for higher wages and improved working conditions. Largest labor organization with one million members

Samuel Gompers

Negotiated new contracts by organizing collective strikes. Although not seeing success initially, a major success was later obtained.

Homestead Strike

Caused the death of 16 individuals as well as setting back the union movement in the steel industry.

Pullman Strike

Stopped railroads from running and acted as a turning point for American labor, improving working conditions for future Americans.

Eugene V Debs

Directed the boycott for pullman’s cars stopping railroad transportation across the country. One of the founders of the American socialist party.

Chinese Exclusion Act

This banned all immigration from China; the restorations were not fully listed until 1965. Restrictions also came in on the immigration of “undesirable” persons, such as paupers,criminals,convicts, and mentally incompetent people. This led to the opening of the immigration center Ellis island in New York harbor.

Tenement Apartments

New York city tried to correct these unlivable conditions by passing a law in 1879 that required each bedroom to have a window. It didn’t do much. The overcrowding and filth in new tenements continued to promote the spread of deadly diseases, such as cholera, typhoid, and tuberculosis.

Streetcar Suburbs

The exodus of higher-income residents left older sections of the city to the working poor, many of whom were immigrants. The residential areas of the cities and suburbs both reflected and contributed to the class, race,ethnic, and cultural divisions in American society.

American protective association

This was caused by nativist feeling alarmed that immigrants wouldn’t only take their jobs but also weaken their culture of the Anglo majority. Often, nativists were Protestants who were openly prejudiced against Roman Catholics.

Ellis Island

This made it necessary for new arrivals to pass more rigorous medical examinations and pay a tax before entering the United States. During a severe depression in the 1890s nativist sentiment increased, as some jobless workers and employers used foreign-born residents as a convenient scapegoat for economical problems.

Tammany Hall

This led to political machines after bringing modern services to the city, including a crude form of welfare for urban newcomers. They would help find jobs and apartments for recently arrived immigrants and would show up at poor family’s doors with baskets of food during hard times. They were greedy but also generous which benefited the lower class.

Jane Addams

Therese settlement house helped immigrants begin to thrive. The settlement houses taught English to immigrants, pioneered early -childhood education, taught industrial arts, and established neighborhood theaters and music schools. By 1910, there were more than 400 settlement houses in America's largest cities

Gospel of Wealth

Practicing what he preached, Carnegie distributed more than 350 million dollars of his fortune to fund libraries, universities, concert halls, and other public institutions. Critics would attack his philosophy saying it was paternalistic and based on bogus racial science of his times.

Clarence Darrow

Darrow's view challenged the traditional belief that people were born as criminals or consciously chose to become lawbreakers. These changes in the professions, along with universities, would provide a boost to progressive legislation and liberal reform in the 20th century.

Joseph Pulitzer

He established the St. Louis Post-Dispatch and the New York World profitable papers

William Randolph Hearst

He started one of the first print-media companies to enter radio broadcasting and was an early pioneer of television.

Ladies Home Journal

The magazine promoted women’s influence, not only as wives, mothers and consumers but also as individuals and citizens. It was very influential during WWII in effort to keep the morale up in homes starting with the women.

Wild West Show

The show encouraged a view of events in that part of the country that was romantic and militaristic

Buffalo Bill

Buffalo bill or “buffalo killer of the great plains” hunted buffalo to feed workers on the union pacific railroad.

John Phillips Sousa

His music became an inspiration to more songs created for the U.S. Military. He revolutionized military march music.

Interstate Commerce Act 1887

showed that Congress could apply the Commerce Clause more expansively to national issues if they involved commerce across state lines. After 1887, the national economy grew much more integrated, making almost all commerce interstate and international.

Sherman Antitrust Act 1890

prohibits conspiracies that unreasonably restrain trade. Under the Sherman Act, agreements among competitors to fix prices or wages, rig bids, or allocate customers, workers, or markets, are criminal violations

Pendleton Act 1881

Trumped over the following selection from the former system, the spoils system.

Panic of 1837

Jackson’s opposition to the rechartering of the bank of the United states was one of many causes of the panic. This advocated for the little federal involvement in the economy.

Omaha Platform

Called for a graduated income tax, direct election of senators, a shorter workweek, and many more. Appealed for people in the south, rocky mountains, and the great plains.

James Garfield

He opposed confederate secession, and was a major general in the union army throughout the civil War. He was also elected to congress in 1862.

Grover Cleveland

Led the bourbon democrats, a pro-business opposing high tariffs, free silver, inflation, and more. His Strive for political reform made him an icon for American conservatives.

William Jennings Bryan

He emerged as a dominant force in democratic party, running in three different presidential elections for the United states.

Gold Bugs

This party believed that the national economy of the United States should be based on the gold standard to ensure the dollar’s stability.

William Mckinley

Presided over the victory in the Spanish-American war of 1898, gained control of Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines in Cuba. He also prospered after the Deep Depression of the panic of 1893.