Patho Exam 4

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cardio gi and respiratory

Pathology

292 Terms

1

cheiloplasty

surgical correction of cleft lip/palate

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cleft lip can be repaired

soon after birth

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3

cleft palate can be repaired

after 1 to 2 years of age, requiring speech therapy

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4

temporary deciduous teeth

20

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5

permanent teeth

32

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6

tetracycline

antibiotic harmful to enamel formation causing permanent discoloration in crowns

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7

dental plaque

sticky film formed from bacteria mixing with saliva

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8

dental caries

tooth decay from plaque combined with bacterial action

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9

dental cavity

loss of tooth structure from bacterial action

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10

patients with xerostoma have a higher incidence of cavities because

saliva buffers bacterially produced acid

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11

periodontal disease

inflammation in tissues supporting teeth forms pockets of infection between teeth and gums

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12

stomatitis

inflammation of oral cavity

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13

stomatitis caused by iritamts

alcohol, tobacco, hot and spicy foods

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14

stomatitis caused by infectious agents

herpes virus, candida albicans fungus, bacteria responsible for trench mouth

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15

oral cavity carciomas

arise from squamous epithelium

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16

location of oral cavity carcinomas

lips, cheeks, tongue, palate, back of throat

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17

elderly oral cavity carcinomas

alcohol tobacco use, bad prognosis

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18

young people oral cavity carcinomas

HPV from oral sex, better prognosis

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19

cardiac sphincter

gastroesophageal, the lower sphincter

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20

tears at gastroesophageal junction

from repetitive vigorous contractions increasing intrabdominal pressure

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21

cardiospasm

cardiac sphincter fails to open, malfunction of nerve plexus, esophagus dilated from food retention

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22

incompetent cardiac sphincter

sphincter remains open letting gastric juice into esophagus

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23

complications of incompetent cardiac sphincter

reflux esophagitis, ulceration and scarring, Barrett esophagus

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24

Barret Esophagus

glandular metaplasia change from squamous to columnar epithelium, increasing risk for cancer

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25

tracheoesophageal fistula

carcinoma of esophagus invades trachea

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26

food impaction of esophagus

occurs in distal part

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27

stricture of esophagus

from scar tissue due to necrosis and inflammation from corrosive chemicals such as lye

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28

gastric mucosal tears

linear tears caused by vomiting leading to blood vomit

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29

acute gastritis

inflamed gastric lining from NSAIDS or alcohol

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30

NSAIDS that inhibit cyclooxygenase enzyme (cox)

aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen

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Cox-1

promotes synthesis of prostaglandin that protects gastric mucosa

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cox-2

promotes synthesis of prostaglandin that mediates inflammation

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33

drugs that inhibit cox 2

increase risk of heart attack and stroke

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34

alcohol

gastric irritant stimulating gastric acid and secretion

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35

H Pylori gastritis

gram negative organisms colonize surface of gastric mucosa, producing urease and breaking down mucus layer

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urease

decomposes urea into ammonia, neutralizing gastric acid and allowing organisms to flourish

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H pylori gastritis increases risk of

mucosa associated lymphoid tissue MALT

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38

H pylori gastritis progression

increases with age

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39

peptic ulcer

increased acid secretion digests mucosa, H pylori associated

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40

peptic ulcer common locations

distal stomach or proximal duodenum

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41

peptic ulcer complications

hemorrhage, perforations, peritonitis, obstruction from scarring

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peptic ulcer treatment

antacids, antibiotics, surgery

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43

carcinoma of stomach

upper abdomen discomfort and iron deficiency anemia, diagnosed through biopsy

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44

carcinoma of stomach treatment

surgical resection of affected area, long term survival relatively poor

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45

acute enteritis

common intestinal infection causing nausea, vomiting, abdominal discomfort and loose stools

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46

chronic enteriris

less common and more difficult to treat

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47

Regional enteritis or Crohn disease

chronic scattered inflammation and ulceration of mucosa with thickening and scarring of bowel wall

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48

treatment of enteritis

drugs, possible surgical resection

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49

antibiotic associated colitits

broad spectrum antibiotics destroy normal intestinal flora allowing growth of C diff

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50

symptoms of colitis

diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever

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51

diagnosis of colitis

stool culture, toxin in stool

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52

treatment of colitis

stop antibiotics. give vancomycin or metronidazole

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53

drugs that prolong colitis

drugs that decrease intestinal mobility

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54

Meckel Diverticulum

congenital outpouching in the small intestine, located near the junction of the small and large intestines. It can cause abdominal pain or bleeding.

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55

food intolerance

crampy abdominal pain, distension, flatulency, loose stools

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56

lactose intolerance

Condition where the body can't digest lactose, a sugar found in milk. Symptoms include bloating, diarrhea, and gas after consuming dairy products.

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glucose intolerance

chronic diarrhea impairing absorption of fats and nutrients, weight loss, and vitamin deficiencies

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58

Irritable Bowel Syndrome

spastic/mucous colitis, excessive mucus secreted by colonic mucosal glands, alternating diarrhea and constipation

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IBS manifestations

episodes of crampy abdominal discomfort, loud gurgling bowel sounds and disturbed bowel function without structural or biochemical abnormalities

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IBS diagnosis

exclude pathogenic infections, food intolerance, and inflammatory conditions

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61

IBS treatment

reduce emotional tension and improve intestinal ability

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62

Appendicitis

most common inflammatory lesion of the bowel

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63

appendicitis pathogensis

appendix plugged with fecal material, secretions drain poorly, creating pressure and compressing blood supply, or bacteria invade causing inflammation

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appendicitis manifestations

abdominal pain in RLQ, rebound tenderness, rigidity

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65

ulcerative colitits

large intestine and rectal mucosa inflamed without bowel thickening

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ulcerative colitis complications

bleeding, bloody diarrhea, perforation, cancer of colon or rectum

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ulcerative colitis treatment

supportive measures, antibiotics, corticosteroids, immunosuppressive drugs, surgical resection

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68

intestinal obstructions

a serious condition blocking normal passageway of intestinal contents, severity depends on location and interference with blood supply

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high intestinal obstruction

sever, crampy abdominal pain from vigorous peristalsis, vomiting with loss of H2O and electrolytes causing dehydration

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low intestinal obstruction

symptoms less acute, mild, crampy abdominal pain, moderate distension of abdomen

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common causes of intestinal obstruction

adhesions, hernia, tumor, volvulus, intussusception

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72

intestinal adhestions

adhesive bands of connective tissue, may cause loop of bowel to become kinked, compressed, twisted, causes obstruction proximal to site of adhesion

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hernia

protrusion of loop of bowel through a small opening, usually in abdominal wall, herniated loop pushes through peritoneum to form herniated sac

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74

inguinal hernia

common in men, loop of small bowel protrudes through a weak area in inguinal ring and descends downward into scrotum

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75

umbilical and femoral hernia common in

both sexes

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76

umbilical hernia

loop of bowel protrudes through umbilucus through defect in abdominal wall

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77

femoral hernia

loop of intestine extends under inguinal ligament along course of femoral vessels into the groin

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78

reducible hernia

herniated loop of bowel can be pushed back into abdominal cavity

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incarcerated hernia

herniated loop of bowel can not be pushed back into abdominal cavity

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80

strangulated hernia

loop of bowel tightly constricted, obstructing the blood supply to the herniated bowel; requires prompt surgical intervention

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81

volvulus

rotary twisting of bowel impairing blood supply; common site is sigmoid colon

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82

intussception

telescoping of segment of bowel into adjacent segment; from vigorous peristalsis or tumor, common site is terminal ileum

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83

mesenteric thrombosus

thrombosus of superior mesenteric artery, extensive bowel infarction

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84

diverticulosis

outpouching or diverticula of colonic mucosa through weak area areas in muscular wall of large intestine

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85

predisposes to diverticulosis

low residue diet, because increased intralumenal pressure must be generated to propel stools through colon

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86

diverticulitis

inflammation incited by bits of fecal material trapped within outpouchings

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87

diverticulitis complications

inflammation, perforation, bleeding, scarring, abcess

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88

benign pedunculated polyps of colon

frequent, tip may erode causing bleeding, removed during colonoscopy

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89

types of carcinoma of colon

cecum and right ½ of colon or left half of colon

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90

tumor of cecum and right ½ of colon

does not cause obstruction because caliber is large and bowel contents are relatively soft. tumor can ulcerate and bleed leading to chronic iron deficiency anemia, weakness and fatigue

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tumor of left ½ of colon

causes obstruction and symptoms of lower intestinal obstruction

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92

diagnosis of colon carcinoma

narrowed colon on barium enema

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93

change from normal colon to small benign polyp

loss of APC gene

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94

change of small benign polyp to large benign polyp

oncogenic mutation in Ras gene

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95

change of large benign polyp to invasive malignant colon cancer

mutation or loss of p53 function

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96

imperforate anus

congenital abnormality where colon fails to acquire a normal opening, two types

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97

easily treated by incising tissue covering anal opening

rectum and anus normally formed and extends to level of skin just without an anal orifice

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98

corrected surgically, more technically difficult with less satisfactory results

entire distal rectum fails to develop with associated abnormalities of urogenital and skeletal system

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99

hemorrhoids

varicose veins of hemorrhoidal venous system that drains rectum and anus

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100

predisposal to hemorrhoids

constipation and straining

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