Ch 11 med term

integument (skin)

a vital organ serving as a protective barrier that responds to internal and external stimuli and contributes to the maintenance of homeostasis

specialized tissue

hair, nails, sebaceous (oil), sudoriferous (sweat) glands, and mammary glands

9 pounds

What is the weight of skin?

18 square feet (of an adult)

How much of the body is covered in skin?

epidermis (cuticle)

the outermost, nonvascular layer of the skin; composed of, from within outward, five layers: basal layer, prickle-cell layer, granular layer, clear layer, and horny layer

dermis corium

layer of the skin deep in the epidermis, consisting of a dense bed of vascular connective tissue and containing the nerves of terminal organs or sensation, the hair roots, and sebaceous and sweat glands

hair, nails

appendages of the skin

subcutaneous

beneath the skin, containing adipose tissue, connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerves

breast

mammary glands; in female mammals, the breast contains milk-secreting elements for nourishing the young

squamous epithelium

a layer of flattened plate-like cells that cover internal and external body surfaces

stratum basale

in this layer of skin, new cells are formed and push older cells to the outermost surface of the skin

stratum corneum

outermost layer of skin where dead cells are converted to keratin, which flakes away

protection

from microorganisms, injuries, and excessive exposure to ultraviolet rays of the sun

sensory organs

for the body to feel pain, cold, heat, touch, and pressure

temperature regulator

insulation against heat and cold, e.g., perspiration for cooling

metabolism

in the presence of sunlight, synthesize vitamin D from a precursor molecule found in the skin

water elimination

eliminate body wastes in the form of perspiration

carcinoma

a malignant new growth made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases

Keratosis

any horny growth such as a wart or callosity

Malignant melanoma

cancerous tumor of melanin-forming cells of the skin; changes in the appearance of a mole may indicate melanoma

nevus

a mole or growth

steatoma

lipoma; a fatty mass retained within a sebaceous gland; sebaceous cyst

verruca

a wart caused by viruses; a plantar wart is on the sole or plantar surface of the foot

acne vulgaris

develops when skin pores become clogged with dead skin cells because of excess production of sebum (oil) causing dead skin cells to stick together and clog the pore. Bacteria in the clogged pore causes inflammation and the formation of a cyst

furuncle

pus-filled bumps that form under the skin when staphylococcal bacteria infect hair follicles (boil)

carbuncle

a cluster of furuncles that form a connected area (track) of infection under the skin

cellulitis

inflammation of the skin and subcutaneous tissue caused by streptococcal or staphylococcal bacteria as a result of a break in the skin from injury, surgery, or an insect bite; may lead to ulceration and abscess

impetigo

a streptococcal or staphylococcal skin infection marked by vesicles or bullae that become pustular, rupture, and form yellow crusts, especially around the mouth and nose

MRSA (methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus)

skin infection caused by bacteria resistant to treatment with methicillin and other antibiotics

rosacea

common skin condition with redness and visible blood vessels of the nose and cheek that slowly spread to the forehead and chin, and eventually form small pus-filled bumps similar to acne. More common in those with fair skin or a history of acne

Herpes

inflammatory skin disease caused by a herpes virus; acute symptoms are small blisters that appear in clusters; can be a chronic condition with periods of remission

herpes genitalis

herpes infection (HSV-2) of the genitals; may harm an infant if the mother is infected at the time of delivery

herpes ophthalmicus

severe herpes zoster involving the ophthalmic nerve (eye)

herpes simplex virus (HSV)

herpes infection (HSV-1) on the borders of the lips or nares (cold sores)

herpes zoster (shingles)

painful rash on one side of the body caused by varicella zoster virus (VZV), the virus that causes chickenpox; virus is dormant in those who have had chickenpox but often reappears as shingles in those over 60 years of age or those who are immunocompromised

Roseola (sixth disease)

illness common in children from birth to 2 years of age; symptoms begin with a high fever followed by a red-colored skin rash; caused by herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) and possibly herpesvirus 7 (HHV-7)

verruca

growth of the outer layer of the skin (the epidermis) caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV) and transmitted by human contact.

tinea

called ringworm because of the circular shape of the rash (shaped like a ring); a name applied to many different superficial fungal infections of different parts of the body

tinea barbae

infection of the bearded parts of the face by ringworm

tinea capitis

infection of the scalp by ringworm

tinea corporis

infection of the entire body by ringworm

tinea cruris

infection of the groin area by ringworm

tinea pedis

athlete’s foot; a chronic superficial infection of the skin of the foot by ringworm

tinea unguium

infection of the fingernails by ringworm; the nails become opaque, white, thickened, and friable

pediculosis

body infestation with lice, usually of the scalp and pubic area; lice suck blood from humans causing itching and infection secondary to scratching

pediculosis capitis

head lice

pediculosis corporis

body lice

pediculosis pubis

pubic lice or crabs

scabies

caused by a mite, a small parasite that burrows under the skin; symptoms are an itchy rash

allergic contact dermatitis

itchy, blistering rash after contact with poison ivy, oak, or sumac; other causes are latex gloves or jewelry containing nickel

atopic dermatitis (eczema; AD)

common skin condition in children during the first year of life; dry, scaly, and itchy patches appear on the scalp, forehead, and fac

contact dermatitis

skin reaction which appears as an itchy rash in response to contact with a skin irritant, e.g., diaper rash or dry, cracked hands because of frequent contact with water, e.g., bartenders, hairdressers, and housekeeping workers

neurodermatitis

skin condition that begins with itching related to emotional causes or psychological factors

Coccidioidomycosis (Valley Fever)

fungal infection of the lungs caused by inhaling spores of the fungus, Coccidioides, which lives in the soil; symptoms include flu-like symptoms and red bumps on the skin

erysipelas (St. Anthony’s fire)

a contagious disease of the skin and subcutaneous tissues caused by infection with Group A Streptococci organisms; complication of strep throat, surgical wound, or skin injury; redness and swelling of affected areas

histoplasmosis

a systemic fungal disease caused by inhalation of dust contaminated by spores of the fungus, Histoplasma, which lives in soil that contains large amounts of bird or bat droppings. Symptoms include flu-like symptoms; red bumps appear on the lower legs in some patients

Lyme Disease

inflammatory disease with early symptoms of a characteristic circular red rash and flu-like symptoms; caused by bacteria and transmitted by deer tick bites. Later complications can be arthritis and neurological and cardiac disorders

psoriasis

a chronic, hereditary, recurrent dermatosis marked by discrete vivid red macules, papules or plaques covered with silvery laminated scales

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF)

symptoms are small, flat, pink, non-itchy spots (macules) on the wrists, forearms, and ankles which can spread to the trunk, palms and soles. Transmitted by tick bites and caused by bacterium Rickettsia rickettsia; if untreated, complications include organ failure and death

Rubella (german measles)

early symptoms are a rash that starts on the face and spreads to the rest of the body; later symptoms can include a low-grade fever, cough, runny nose, sore throat, and pink eye

rubeola (measles)

symptoms are fever, runny nose, cough, red eyes, and sore throat, followed by a rash that spreads over the body. The disease is very contagious and is spread through air from coughing and sneezing

syphilis

a sexually transmitted bacterial disease; early skin symptoms are ulcers on the genital area, followed by white patchy skin

systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

autoimmune disease that can affect all organs; common symptom is a rash that forms a butterfly pattern over the bridge of the nose and cheeks

varicella (chicken pox)

a very contagious disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus (VZV); symptoms are blister-like rash, itching, fatigue, and fever

actinic keratosis (AK)

precancerous patch of thick, scaly, or crusty skin; usually forms when skin is damaged by ultraviolet (UV) radiation exposure from the sun or indoor tanning beds

albinism

no body pigment; white skin and hair

alopecia

baldness; hereditary or caused by chemotherapy

bulla

large blisters, as in burns

burn

thermal injury to tissues

first-degree burns

often caused by sunburn, affect the top skin layer (corneum) and show redness

second-degree burns

burns affect the upper three skin layers (corneum, lucidum, and granulosum) and produce blisters between the third and fourth skin layer

Third-degree burn

affect the top three layers plus the fourth layer (germinativum) with fluid loss, risk for infection, and require skin grafting

callus

localized hyperplasia of the horny layer of the epidermis (skin) caused by pressure or friction; most common sites are the hands and feet

cicatrix

a scar

cyst

a closed epithelium-lined cavity or sac, normal or abnormal, usually containing liquid or semisolid material

ecchymosis

bruise, caused by bleeding under the skin

erosion

eating or gnawing away; an early ulcer

eruption

breaking out; a rash

erythema

redness of the skin

eschar

a slough (hard crust) produced by a thermal burn

exanthem

an eruptive (rose colored) skin rash caused by disease or fever

excoriation

a superficial loss of skin

exfoliation

skin falling off in scales or layers

gangrene

necrotic or dead tissue

hemangioma

network of small blood-filled capillaries near the surface of the skin forming a reddish or purplish birthmark; may appear in newborn infants

hirsutism

abnormal hairiness on the body and face, especially in women

keloid

a sharply elevated, progressively enlarging scar that does not fade with time

laceration

cut; tearing; a torn wound

lesion

any pathologic or traumatic discontinuity of tissue, e.g., a sore

macule

a spot or thickening, e.g., freckle, flat mole. Area is not raised above the surface

miliaria (prickly heat; heat rash)

inflammatory disorder of the skin characterized by redness, eruption, and burning or itching due to blockage of the ducts of the sweat glands; common in hot and humid climates

nodule

a small node that is solid and can be detected by touch; a rounded prominence

nummular

coin-shaped skin sores; often appear after a burn or skin injury

papulae

a small, circumscribed, solid elevated lesion of the skin, e.g., wart, acne, mole

paronychia

inflammation of the folds of tissue around the fingernail

petechia

small pinpoint hemorrhages of the skin, red or purple in color

plaque

any patch or flat area; used to describe the silvery scales of psoriasis

pruritus

itching

pustule

a small, elevated, pus-containing lesion of the skin

scales, crusts

an outer layer formed by drying of a bodily exudate or secretion; flaking type of lesion, e.g., psoriasis, fungus