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The Biology of a Cell Membrane and Cellular Transport

The Biology of a Cell Membrane and Cellular Transport

Cell Membrane

Cell Membrane Components

  • Protein channels

  • Proteins- Peripheral Proteins

  • Lipid- Phospholipid bilayer

  • Carbohydrate chains- glycoproteins and glycolipids

  • Cholesterol

  • Internal proteins

  • Channel

  • Carrier


Four Major Biomolecules

  • Carb

  • Lipid

  • Protein

  • Nucleic acid

Monomers-  They are one small molecule

Polymers-  They are a long chain of many molecules


Lipids

  • In terms of cell membranes, lipids are technically called phospholipids

  • The parts of a phospholipid bilayer:

  • The phosphate, (It is polar/hydrophilic, meaning it likes water)

  • The glycerol

  • The fatty acid chains (They are nonpolar/hydrophobic, meaning they don’t like water)

  • Lipids make up the majority of the cell membrane

  • The monomer of lipids: glycerol and 3 fatty acids

  • The polymer of lipids: triglyceride

  • They are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

  • Examples of lipids include butter, oil, wax, and steroids


Carbohydrates

  • Carbohydrates take up the external surface of a cells membrane

  • Glyco is the prefix for protein

  • For example glycoproteins and glycolipids


Proteins

  • They span the cell membrane

  • They help let molecules into the cell

  • The types of protein that help with cellular transport:

  • Channel protein- They form openings to let molecules pass through the cell membrane

  • Carrier proteins- They act as a binding site that selects the molecules that are safe to enter through the cell membrane into the cell

  • The types of proteins that help the cell with responses:

  • Receptor proteins- They act as “receptors” in the cell and trigger responses that are sent to the cell

  • Enzymatic proteins- They help to carry out the metabolic reactions that the receptor proteins caused


Biomolecules Chart (This is a more general chart, it isn’t specific to cell membranes)


Biomolecule name

Monomer

Polymer

Elements

Functions

Examples in real life

Carbohydrate

Monosaccharide

Disaccharide and Polysaccharide

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen

Help with short term energy

Pasta, Bread

Lipids

Glycerol and 3 fatty acids

Triglyceride

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen

Help with insulation and long term energy

Butter, oil, cholesterol

Nucleic Acids

Nucleotide

DNA, RNA, ATP

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus

Help with cellular energy and heredity

Anything that is living or was once living

Proteins

Amino acids

Polypeptide or protein

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen

Help with the structures of a cell and the enzymes in a cell

Meats, bones



Cellular Transport

The two types of transport:

  1. Active transport (ATP is required)

  • Endocytosis (entering)

  • Exocytosis (exiting)

  • Sodium-Potassium Pump

  1. Passive Transport (ATP is not required)

  • Diffusion- happens on its own, without the help of a channel or carrier protein

  • Facilitated diffusion- needs a channel protein to help with the diffusion (carrier proteins require energy)

  • Osmosis- The movement of water from high to low concentrations through the semipermeable membrane

  • The three types of osmotic solutions:

  • Hypertonic- water exists from the cell, causing the cell to shrink

  • Isotonic- water simultaneously enters and exits the cell, creating equilibrium within the cell

  • Hypotonic- water enters into the cell, causing the cell to grow

  • Osmosis only applies to the diffusion of water


ATP

ATP is a nucleic acid that is needed in the movement of molecules from a low to a high concentration. This is needed because molecules need to against the concentration gradient.

MA

The Biology of a Cell Membrane and Cellular Transport

The Biology of a Cell Membrane and Cellular Transport

Cell Membrane

Cell Membrane Components

  • Protein channels

  • Proteins- Peripheral Proteins

  • Lipid- Phospholipid bilayer

  • Carbohydrate chains- glycoproteins and glycolipids

  • Cholesterol

  • Internal proteins

  • Channel

  • Carrier


Four Major Biomolecules

  • Carb

  • Lipid

  • Protein

  • Nucleic acid

Monomers-  They are one small molecule

Polymers-  They are a long chain of many molecules


Lipids

  • In terms of cell membranes, lipids are technically called phospholipids

  • The parts of a phospholipid bilayer:

  • The phosphate, (It is polar/hydrophilic, meaning it likes water)

  • The glycerol

  • The fatty acid chains (They are nonpolar/hydrophobic, meaning they don’t like water)

  • Lipids make up the majority of the cell membrane

  • The monomer of lipids: glycerol and 3 fatty acids

  • The polymer of lipids: triglyceride

  • They are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

  • Examples of lipids include butter, oil, wax, and steroids


Carbohydrates

  • Carbohydrates take up the external surface of a cells membrane

  • Glyco is the prefix for protein

  • For example glycoproteins and glycolipids


Proteins

  • They span the cell membrane

  • They help let molecules into the cell

  • The types of protein that help with cellular transport:

  • Channel protein- They form openings to let molecules pass through the cell membrane

  • Carrier proteins- They act as a binding site that selects the molecules that are safe to enter through the cell membrane into the cell

  • The types of proteins that help the cell with responses:

  • Receptor proteins- They act as “receptors” in the cell and trigger responses that are sent to the cell

  • Enzymatic proteins- They help to carry out the metabolic reactions that the receptor proteins caused


Biomolecules Chart (This is a more general chart, it isn’t specific to cell membranes)


Biomolecule name

Monomer

Polymer

Elements

Functions

Examples in real life

Carbohydrate

Monosaccharide

Disaccharide and Polysaccharide

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen

Help with short term energy

Pasta, Bread

Lipids

Glycerol and 3 fatty acids

Triglyceride

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen

Help with insulation and long term energy

Butter, oil, cholesterol

Nucleic Acids

Nucleotide

DNA, RNA, ATP

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus

Help with cellular energy and heredity

Anything that is living or was once living

Proteins

Amino acids

Polypeptide or protein

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen

Help with the structures of a cell and the enzymes in a cell

Meats, bones



Cellular Transport

The two types of transport:

  1. Active transport (ATP is required)

  • Endocytosis (entering)

  • Exocytosis (exiting)

  • Sodium-Potassium Pump

  1. Passive Transport (ATP is not required)

  • Diffusion- happens on its own, without the help of a channel or carrier protein

  • Facilitated diffusion- needs a channel protein to help with the diffusion (carrier proteins require energy)

  • Osmosis- The movement of water from high to low concentrations through the semipermeable membrane

  • The three types of osmotic solutions:

  • Hypertonic- water exists from the cell, causing the cell to shrink

  • Isotonic- water simultaneously enters and exits the cell, creating equilibrium within the cell

  • Hypotonic- water enters into the cell, causing the cell to grow

  • Osmosis only applies to the diffusion of water


ATP

ATP is a nucleic acid that is needed in the movement of molecules from a low to a high concentration. This is needed because molecules need to against the concentration gradient.

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