Biology Ch. 3-5 Notes Review

Flashcards covering cell theory, cell structure, endomembrane system, extracellular matrix, cell junctions, tissue types, cartilage and bone, and nervous/epithelial tissues.

What is the Cell Theory?

The cell is the basic unit of life; all living things are made of cells; new cells arise only from preexisting cells.

Which type of cells have a nucleus and include animals, plants, fungi, and protists?

Eukaryotic cells.

What surrounds the cell and controls entry and exit of substances?

The plasma membrane.

What is the semifluid substance inside the cell that contains organelles?

Cytoplasm.

What is diffusion?

Random movement of molecules from higher concentration to lower concentration.

What is osmosis?

Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane from higher to lower solute concentration.

What is a hypotonic solution?

A solution with fewer solutes than the cell; water tends to enter the cell.

What is a hypertonic solution?

A solution with more solutes than the cell; water tends to leave the cell.

What is endocytosis?

The process by which substances or particles are brought into the cell.

What is phagocytosis?

Endocytosis of pathogens or large particles by white blood cells.

What is pinocytosis?

Endocytosis of fluids (cell drinking) with small particles.

What is exocytosis?

The process of moving molecules out of the cell via vesicle fusion with the plasma membrane.

What is the nucleus?

The organelle that contains genetic instructions for manufacturing proteins (DNA organized into genes).

What is DNA made of?

Genes.

What is the nuclear envelope?

A double membrane surrounding the nucleus.

What are ribosomes responsible for?

Protein synthesis.

What is the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)?

Endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes that makes proteins.

What is the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)?

Endoplasmic reticulum lacking ribosomes; synthesizes lipids.

What is the Golgi apparatus responsible for?

Processing, packaging, and secretion of proteins and lipids.

What does the extracellular matrix contain and what does it do?

Contains collagen and elastin; provides resilience and resists stretching.

What are the three main types of cell junctions and their general function?

Adhesion junctions (attach cytoskeletons of adjacent cells); tight junctions (create a barrier); gap junctions (allow intercellular communication).

What does an adhesion junction do?

Attaches the cytoskeletons of adjacent cells.

What does a tight junction do?

Produces a barrier between cells.

What does a gap junction do?

Two channels fuse to allow communication between cells.

What are the four major tissue types?

Connective tissue, Muscular tissue, Nervous tissue, and Epithelial tissue.

What are the main types of cartilage mentioned and a key feature of each?

Hyaline cartilage – fine fibers and collagen; Elastic cartilage – elastic fibers; Fibrocartilage – strong collagen fibers.

What are the two bone types and what do they do?

Compact bone makes up the shaft of a long bone; Spongy bone is inside the ends.

What connective tissue includes blood and lymph?

Blood and lymph are connective tissue types.

What are the three types of muscular tissue and a defining feature for each?

Skeletal muscle (voluntarily controlled); Smooth muscle (involuntary, no striations); Cardiac muscle (striated and involuntary; in the heart).

What are neurons and their components?

Neurons conduct nerve impulses and consist of dendrites, a cell body, and an axon.

What are neuroglia?

Support cells in nervous tissue.

What is epithelial tissue and how is it arranged?

Protects and lines body tissues; can be Simple (one layer) or Stratified (multiple layers).