AP BIOLOGY Review

AMINO ACIDS

  • there are 20 amino acids
    • Our proteins are made of some of these combinations of these amino acids
  • there are 4 levels of protein structure
    • primary - the order of the amino acids in that chain (string)
    • secondary - helix - alpha helix - beta pleated sheets (coils and sheets)
    • tertiary - an individual polypeptide
    • quaternary - made up of 4 polypeptides (Transthyretin) two alpha subunits and two beta subunits
  • bonds between amino acids are peptide bonds - formed by a dehydration reaction - a water molecule is produced from that action
  • hydrogen bond
  • Di-sulfide bridge - firm covalent bond
    • Van Der Waals interactions (no need to explain it)
  • ionic bond
  • hydrophobic interaction is when things that are hydrophobic are pushed together (in oil in water)
  • 4 atoms of iron for one Hemoglobin molecule

SUGAR-PHOSPHATE BACKBONE

  • Sugars have carbons on unlabeled corners
  • they can have a number of carbons but the most common are glucose and fructose (six carbons)
  • phosphate ground has 4 oxygens one double bond and the central atom is a phosphate
  • sugars have a phosphate group, a sugar, and a nitrogenous base

   

  • The picture represents an RNA because its a singular strand and not a double strand 5’ and 3’ are opposites so in DNA one will be 5’ and the other will be 3’
  • Need to know that pyrimidines are singular rings
  • And purines are double rings

 

  • RNA may fold on itself but will still be a single strand
  • RNA components
    • Adenine
    • Cytosine
    • Thymine
    • Uracil
  • DNA components
    • Adenine
    • Cytosine
    • Thymine
    • Guanine
  • Adenine - Thymine
  • Cytosine - Guanine

  or

  • Cytosine - Uracil

Diagram of an RNA folding over on itself

 

  • CHECK THE CHAPTER REVIEWS IN CAMPBELL’S BIOLOGY IN FOCUS