AP BIOLOGY Review

AMINO ACIDS

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• there are 20 amino acids
  • Our proteins are made of some of these combinations of these amino acids
• there are 4 levels of protein structure
  • primary - the order of the amino acids in that chain (string)
  • secondary - helix - alpha helix - beta pleated sheets (coils and sheets)
  • tertiary - an individual polypeptide
  • quaternary - made up of 4 polypeptides (Transthyretin) two alpha subunits and two beta subunits
• bonds between amino acids are peptide bonds - formed by a dehydration reaction - a water molecule is produced from that action
• hydrogen bond
• Di-sulfide bridge - firm covalent bond
  • Van Der Waals interactions (no need to explain it)
• ionic bond
• hydrophobic interaction is when things that are hydrophobic are pushed together (in oil in water)
• 4 atoms of iron for one Hemoglobin molecule

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SUGAR-PHOSPHATE BACKBONE

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• Sugars have carbons on unlabeled corners

• they can have a number of carbons but the most common are glucose and fructose (six carbons)

• phosphate ground has 4 oxygens one double bond and the central atom is a phosphate

• sugars have a phosphate group, a sugar, and a nitrogenous base

  

• The picture represents an RNA because its a singular strand and not a double strand 5’ and 3’ are opposites so in DNA one will be 5’ and the other will be 3’

• Need to know that pyrimidines are singular rings

• And purines are double rings

  

• RNA may fold on itself but will still be a single strand

• RNA components

  • Adenine
  • Cytosine
  • Thymine
  • Uracil

• DNA components

  • Adenine
  • Cytosine
  • Thymine
  • Guanine

• Adenine - Thymine

• Cytosine - Guanine

  or

• Cytosine - Uracil

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Diagram of an RNA folding over on itself

• CHECK THE CHAPTER REVIEWS IN CAMPBELL’S BIOLOGY IN FOCUS

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