AMINO ACIDS

• there are 20 amino acids

  • Our proteins are made of some of these combinations of these amino acids

• there are 4 levels of protein structure

  • primary - the order of the amino acids in that chain (string)

  • secondary - helix - alpha helix - beta pleated sheets (coils and sheets)

  • tertiary - an individual polypeptide

  • quaternary - made up of 4 polypeptides (Transthyretin) two alpha subunits and two beta subunits

• bonds between amino acids are peptide bonds - formed by a dehydration reaction - a water molecule is produced from that action

• hydrogen bond

• Di-sulfide bridge - firm covalent bond

  • Van Der Waals interactions (no need to explain it)

• ionic bond

• hydrophobic interaction is when things that are hydrophobic are pushed together (in oil in water)

• 4 atoms of iron for one Hemoglobin molecule

SUGAR-PHOSPHATE BACKBONE

• Sugars have carbons on unlabeled corners

• they can have a number of carbons but the most common are glucose and fructose (six carbons)

• phosphate ground has 4 oxygens one double bond and the central atom is a phosphate

• sugars have a phosphate group, a sugar, and a nitrogenous base

  

• The picture represents an RNA because its a singular strand and not a double strand 5’ and 3’ are opposites so in DNA one will be 5’ and the other will be 3’

• Need to know that pyrimidines are singular rings

• And purines are double rings

• RNA may fold on itself but will still be a single strand

• RNA components

  • Adenine

  • Cytosine

  • Thymine

  • Uracil

• DNA components

  • Adenine

  • Cytosine

  • Thymine

  • Guanine

• Adenine - Thymine

• Cytosine - Guanine

  or

• Cytosine - Uracil

Diagram of an RNA folding over on itself

• CHECK THE CHAPTER REVIEWS IN CAMPBELL’S BIOLOGY IN FOCUS