Core Bio 2 Protists (Ch. 28)

Define mixotroph.

protists that combine photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition

Which protists are mixotrophic?

Euglena and Phytoplankton

Define endosymbiosis

a relationship between two species in which one organism lives inside the cell or cells of another organism

Research indicates that plastids arose from ________________.

Cyanobacteria

Research indicates that mitochondria arose from ________________.

Alpha proteobacteria

Which structure appeared first in eukaryotes?

Mitochondrion (Mitochondria)

What are the four supergroups of eukaryotes?

Excavata, SAR, Archaeplastida, and unikonta

How many supergroups include protists?

6 supergroups

Which supergroup includes plants?

Archaeplastida

Which supergroup includes fungi?

Unikonta (opisthokonta)

Which supergroup includes animals?

Unikonta (opisthokonta)

Explain why scientists no longer recognize Kingdom Protista.

Because studies have shown some protists are more closely related to animals, plants, or fungi than they are to other plants

Do all types of algae belong to the same supergroup?

No, golden and brown algae belong to SAR, green and red algae belong to Archaeplastida

Do all types of amoebas belong to the same supergroup?

No

To which type of algae are plants most closely related?

Green Algae

Supergroup Excavata

-Giardia intestinalis

-Trichomonas vaginalis

-Trypanosoma

-Euglena

Supergroup SAR

-Diatoms

-golden algae

-brown algae

-Dinoflagellates

-Paramecium

-Plasmodium

-Radiolarians

-Foraminiferans

Supergroup Archaeplastida includes

-red algae

-green algae

-land plants

Supergroup Unikonta

-Slime molds

-Entamoeba histolytica

How does Giardia intestinalis affect humans?

It affects humans when they drink water contaminated with feces containing Giardia cysts (lives in the intestines)

How does Trichomonas vaginalis affect humans?

A sexually transmitted parasite affecting both male and female that travels the reproductive and urinary tracts, eating at the vaginal lining causing infection

How does Trypanosoma affect humans?

Can cause sleeping sickness in humans

What is the function of the eyespot on Euglena?

functions as a light shield allowing light from only a certain direction to strike the light detector

Why does Euglena move toward light?

enhance photosynthesis

Which photosynthetic protists have a glass-like wall that provides protection from predators?

Diatoms

Alteration of generations in the Laminaria (brown algae) life cycle..

this alteration results in a diploid zygote, which matures and gives rise to new multicellular sporophyte

Can you recognize the difference between the sporophyte and the gametophyte stages?

Sporophyte stage is asexual, while gametophyte stage is sexual. The first cell in a sporophyte generation is the diploid zygote, while the first cell in the gametophyte stage is the haploid spore

Which stage is larger?

Sporophytes are larger

Which stage is diploid?

Sporophytes

Define diploid

A cell or nucleus which contains two copies of genetic material, or a complete set of chromosomes

Which stage is haploid?

Zoospores/Gametophytes

Define haploid.

The quality of a cell or organism having a single set of chromosomes

Which stage produces spores?

The diploid stage is the spore producing stage

What do spores turn into?

half develop into male gametophytes; half develop into female gametophytes

Which stage produces gametes?

Haploid stage eventually produces gametes

What are gametes?

They are an organism's reproductive cells

Is Laminaria heteromorphic or isomorphic?

heteromorphic

Define heteromorphic.

sporophytes and gametophytes are structurally different

Define isomorphic.

sporophytes and gametophytes look similar to one another but differ in chromosome number

How many flagella does a dinoflagellate have?

2 flagella

What is a "red tide"?

an algae bloom of dinoflagellates.

How does Plasmodium affect humans?

causes malaria

How does Plasmodium travel from one person to another?

through mosquito bites

Which structures allow Paramecium to locomote?

fine protoplasmic cilia

What are pseudopodia and what functions do they accomplish?

A temporary cytoplasm filled projection, plays a role in locomotion and ingestion

Which protists have pseudopodia?

amoebas

Which heterotrophic protists have internal skeletons made of silica that create a thick ooze on the bottom of the ocean when they die?

Radiolarians

Which photosynthetic protists have calcium carbonate shells that create marine sediments and sedimentary rocks when they die?

Foraminiferans or form tests

What is phycoerythrin?

A photosynthetic pigment which masks the green of chlorophyll, also absorbs blue and green light

Which type of algae are the most abundant large algae in the warm coastal waters of tropical oceans?

Red algae

Which type of large multicellular algae is especially common along temperate coasts that have cold water currents?

Brown Algae

Which type of algae is used as a wrap for sushi?

red algae

Giant kelp is a type of ________________ algae.

Brown

How do the feeding stages of plasmodial slime molds and cellular slime molds differ?

When food is scarce the plasmodial slime molds form stalked fruiting bodies that produce haploid spores, whereas, cellular slime molds form a slug like aggregate that functions as a unit

What conditions stimulate a plasmodial slime mold to produce spores?

Scarce food eventually produces haploid spores

Explain the concept of cheating in cellular slime molds.

The cheater cells are a mutation that never becomes a part of the stalk during the fruiting body stage

How does Entamoeba histolytica affect humans?

Humans are exposed to this through contaminated water, food or eating utensils

What are the 2 examples of protists that are multinucleate supercells?

Cellular and plasmodial slime molds