Anthropology

Anthropology

Study of humans and how we live, what we’re like and how we’ve changed over time

Belmont Report

Document created to protect people who participate in research studies.

Three main principles of Belmont Report

Respect for persons, Beneficence, Justice

Beneficence

Do not harm

Which subsistence system is polygyny associated with?

Horticultural and Pastoral

Polygny

One man and many wives

What types of kinships and marriage is polygny associated with? 

Pastoral societyes, Partoralinal local 

What types of inheritance systems and child preferences are associated with polygyny?

Patrilineal inheritance, Preference for sons

Nia video Questions: 

Quote from onkas big monkas

Linguistic anthropology

variation over time, what people speak about, speech in social contexts, language and culture, code-switching

Non-human communication

Threats, alarm calls, scents, simple (compared to humans) 

Daughter Linguistic

New version-latin/italian

Pidgin Linguistic 

Simplified version- S. Afterican Gold mines

Creole (borrows vocab)

Blend of English and French (English!)

How do we learn language?

Womb, so on

Phonology

Study of the sounds of a language and how those sounds are organized and used to create meaning.

Morphology

Smallest units of meaning in a language, called morphemes, and how they combine to make words.

Syntax

How words are arranged to form sentences and how sentence structure creates meaning.

Cultural materialism

Material (physical and economic) conditions — like environment, technology, and resources.

Functionalism

Culture fulfills useful functions in society

What does a mother and father contribute to the descendants 

Eric

my perspective 

Etic

their perspective as an outsider

Culture

Way of a group and their beliefs, customs, language, and traditions.

Cultural Norms

Rules/expectations of how people need to bah in a society 

Cultural Values

Shared ideas about what is important, good, desirable in a society

Culture Worldview 

Way a group sees and interoperates the world

Example of a culture and their norms, values, and worldview

Subsistence

how society gets its food and resources to live

Subsistence Systems

Foraging, Horticulture, Pastoralism, Agriculture, Industrialism

Cultural Ecology 

ecology - culture - subsistence (production) (CIRCLE MAP) interaction between these

Exchange Systems

Way goods, services, and social obligations are given and received

Exchange Systems Examples

reciprocity, debt, big man, redistribution, market

Generalized Reciprocity

Giving without expecting anything back in return 

Balanced Reciprocity

Giving with expecting a fair trade within a certain amount of time

Negative Reciprocity

Trying to get something for as little as possible

Redistribution

Goods collected from members and reallocated by a bigger authority 

Market Exchange 

Goods/services bought and sold using money, prices determined by supply and demand

Big Man

Political Power: He gives generously, then others owe him favors/goods and they have an obligation

Debt

Social and moral obligation within exchange relationships

Marriage Systems Example

Monogamy, Polygamy, Polygyny, Polyandry, Endogamy, Exogamy, Incest

Monogamy

Marriage with one person at a time

Polygamy

Marriage with more than one person at a time

Polyandry

One women has two husbands

Exogamy

Marrying outside your group

Incest

Marriage/sexual relationships within close relatives 

Polygyny

One husband and multiple wives

Endogamy

Marrying within your group

Kinship definition

System of family relationships that connects people by blood, marriage, and social ties

Consanguineal

Blood Relatives

Conjugal

Marriage-based relatives

Fictive

“Made up” or chosen family

Matrilineal

Family ties to the mothers side

Patrilineal 

Family ties to the fathers side 

Cognatic (bilateral)

Family ties traced through both parents’ side 

Kinship examples

Consanguineal, Conjugal, Fictive, Matrilineal, Patrilineal, Cognatic

Residence Patterns Definition

Rule of where a couple lives after marriage

Residence Patterns Examples

Neolocal, Natalocal, Matrilocal, Partilocal, Ambilocal, Avunculocal 

Neolocal

Couple lives in a new home, with neither families

Natalocal

Each person stays with their own family after marriage

Matrilocal

Couple lives with or near the wife’s family

Patrilocal

Couple lives with or near the husband’s family

Avunculocal

Lives with or near the husbands maternal brother (uncle)

Ambilocal

The couple can choose to live with either family

Communication

Process of sharing information, ideas, and feelings between people

Verbal Communication

Using words/language to convey a message

Non-verbal Communication

Communicating through body language, gestures, facial expressions, tone, symbols, posture 

Culture of Honor

A society where people care a lot about their reputation and will defend it, sometimes with aggression.

Participant Observation

Research method where an anthropologist lives with or joins a community to observe and learn about their daily life

Ethnography 

Detailed study of a culture based on living with or observing a community. 

Fieldwork 

Going into a community to observe, participate, and collect research 

Ethnocentrism

Judging others cultures based on the standards of your own culture

Emic 

Looking at a culture from the inside (how insiders see it)

Etic

Looking at a culture from the outside (scientist/research perspective) 

Theoretical Perspectives Definition

Different ways anthropologists explain/study a culture

Theoretical Perspectives Examples

Structuralism, Functionalism, Marxist Anthropology, Neomaterialism, Postmodernism, Cultural Ecology

Structuralism

Looks at culture as a system of underlying structure (universal patterns)

Functionalism

Cultures are like machines and each person has a function to help society

Marxist Anthropology

Power, inequality, economic conflict (how wealth and class affect society)

Neomaterialism

Emphasizing material conditions as the main components to culture (farming shaped by land not just beliefs) 

Postmodernism

Wondering if anthropologists can study culture objectively 

Cultural Ecology

Studies of how humans adapt to their environment and how culture helps manage natural resources

What types of residence patterns are in polygyny associated with?

Patrilocal, sometimes neolocal and rarely matrilocal

New reproduction technologies

Artificial Insemination, In-vitro fertilization, Sperm/egg donation, surrogacy, genetic testing and selection

Artificial Insemination 

Injecting sperm into a woman without sex

In-vitro insemination (IVF)

Fertilizing an egg outside of the body and then implanting the embryo 

Sperm/egg donation

Using donated gametes to have children 

Surrogacy

Another women carries the pregnancy

Genetic testing/selection

Checking embryos for health problems or certain traits before pregnancy, and choosing which one to implant.

Parallel Cousins

Children from the same-sex siblings of one of your parents

Cross Cousins

Children from opposite-sex siblings of one of your parents