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Fallacies

Bad arguments that deceive us, where the inferential chain is broken.

Arguments

Consist of premises leading to a conclusion through inference.

Inductive Fallacies

Fallacies based on relevance or assumptions that lead to incorrect conclusions.

Fallacies of Relevance

The premises are irrelevant to the conclusion.

Ad Hominem

Attacking the opponent's character instead of their argument.

Ad Hominem Circumstantial

Attacking the opponent's affiliations instead of their argument.

Tu Quo

Attacking an opponent for not following their own advice.

Popular Appeal

Persuading based on popularity rather than reasoning.

Appeal to Authority

Using an authority figure who lacks expertise.

Appeal to Force

Using threats to persuade acceptance of a conclusion.

Appeal to Pity

Using pity to support a conclusion.

Appeal to Ignorance

Claiming a conclusion is true because it hasn't been disproven.

Fallacies of Presumption

Premises based on bad assumptions.

Accident

Misapplying a general rule to a specific case.

Hasty Generalization

Using insufficient evidence for a general conclusion.

Biased Statistics

Using a study lacking diversity.

Bifurcation

Assuming only two extremes exist in a situation.

Complex Question

Embedding a hidden question in a larger question.

Post Hoc

Assuming causation from correlation.

Red Herring

Diverting attention with irrelevant points.

Slippery Slope

Arguing that one action will inevitably lead to extreme consequences.

Straw Man

Distorting an opponent's argument to make it easier to attack.

Begging the Question

Circular reasoning where a conclusion is assumed in the premises.

False Analogies

Making inappropriate comparisons.

Deductive Fallacies

Formal fallacies based on incorrect structures.

Affirming the Consequent

Assuming the antecedent must be true because the consequent is true.

Denying the Antecedent

Assuming that denying the antecedent denies the consequent's truth.