AP Bio Chapter 2.11: Origins of Cell Compartmentalization

What separates the internal environment of a cell from its surrounding environment?

The plasma membrane.

Prokaryotic cells have an internal region called the __________ that contains its genetic material.

nucleoid region.

Eukaryotic cells have additional internal membranes and __________ that compartmentalize the cell.

membrane-bound organelles.

In eukaryotic cells, genetic material is contained within a __________.

membrane-bound nucleus.

The nucleus and other internal membranes are theorized to have formed from __________ of the plasma membrane.

infoldings.

Mitochondria evolved from previously free-living cells via __________.

endosymbiosis.

What type of prokaryote was engulfed to form mitochondria?

A free-living aerobic prokaryote.

The engulfed prokaryotic cell in endosymbiosis did not get digested; this arrangement became __________.

mutually beneficial.

Chloroplasts evolved from previously free-living __________ via endosymbiosis.

prokaryotic cells.

A free-living photosynthetic prokaryote was engulfed by another cell through __________.

endocytosis.

Mitochondria and chloroplasts have __________ membranes regulating material passage.

double.

Both mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own __________ which encodes genetic information.

circular DNA.

Mitochondria and chloroplasts can reproduce by a similar process used by __________.

prokaryotes.

Both mitochondria and chloroplasts contain their own __________ for protein synthesis.

ribosomes.

Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have __________ plasma membranes.

external.

Whereas prokaryotes have internal regions, eukaryotic cells have additional internal __________.

membrane-bound organelles.

According to endosymbiotic theory, a previously free-living prokaryote was engulfed by another cell through __________.

endocytosis.

After time, the engulfed prokaryote lost its independent functionality and became __________.

either mitochondria or chloroplasts.

Eukaryotic cells can __________ their internal environment through compartmentalization.

organize.

The evolution of membrane-bound organelles is linked to the __________ theory.

endosymbiosis.

Mitochondria and chloroplasts resemble prokaryotic cells because of their __________ characteristics.

ancestors.

Key takeaway: Both cell types have a plasma membrane, but only eukaryotes have __________ organelles.

membrane-bound.

Eukaryotic cells are characterized by having a __________-bound nucleus.

membrane.

Endosymbiosis explains the origin of both __________ and chloroplasts.

mitochondria.

What allows mitochondria and chloroplasts to maintain a stable internal environment?

Double membranes.

Chloroplasts evolved from free-living photosynthetic __________.

prokaryotes.