Cells+protein synthesis study for bio test

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eukaryotic

eukaryotic

large cells

have DNA in nucleus

membrane bound organelles

prokaryotic

single celled

don’t have a nucleus

DNA floats around

nucleus

holds genetic information

cytoplasm

fluid +organelles

holds organelles in place

plasma membrane

selectively-permeable

phospholipid bilayer
provides physical isolation
regulation of nutrients/waste exchange

phospholipid

class of lipid where one fatty acid is replaced by a phosphate

hydrophobic

can’t dissolve in water

hydrophilic

can dissolve in water

selective permeability

some molecules can pass through while others can’t

diffusion

movement of molecules from high to low concentrations

concentration gradient

diff. between high and low concentrations

osmosis

diffusion of water through channel proteins

solvent

liquid component of a solution

solute

solid substance dissolved in a solution

isotonic

concentration of water is the same inside and outside the cell

hypotonic

less solute in the cell

water moves in

cell swells

hypertonic

more solute outside the cell

water moves out

cell shrivels

facilitated diffusion

helps move a large molecule across the membrane

proteins aid the movement

EX: glucose

Active transport

carrier proteins move substances against the concentration gradient

ATP is required

vesicle

cells use these to move large amounts of materials at the same time

membranous sacs

endocytosis

material imported into the cell

exocytosis

material exported out of the cell

pinocytosis

cell takes in large amounts of liquid

“cell drinking”

phagocytosis

cell takes in large solid objects

“cell eating”

cytosol

just fluid in cell

has ions and proteins needed by the cell

cell theory

cells are the building block of all living things

cells are the smallest functional units of life

cells are made from the division of preexisting cells

each cell maintains homeostasis

bacteria

example of prokaryote

animal cell

example of eukaryote

transport nutrients

if the surface area of the cell is too big then it can’t do this fast enough

phospholipids

allows things to pass through membrane

has a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail

proteins

determine most of the membranes specific functions

carbohydrates

can determine blood type on red blood cell membranes

anchoring proteins

attach the plasma membrane to other structures

carrier protein

transport substances across the cell membrane

enzyme

aid in chemical reactions

receptor protein

respond to specific chemical signals

recognition protein

identify cell to the immune system as self or nonself

normal or abnormal

non polar hydrophobic molecules

can pass through the plasma membrane

large polar hydrophilic molecules

can’t pass through plasma membrane

nucleolus

makes ribosomes

ribosome

makes protein

nuclear pore

allows mRNA to get out of nucleus

nuclear membrane

surround nucleus

RER

makes and ships ribosomes

proteasome

recycles and removes proteins

SER

synthesizes lipids and membranes

golgi apparatus

receives and ships vesicles

cis

receives vesicles (part of golgi)

Trans

ships vesicles (part of golgi)

lysosome

recycles cell’s material

intracellular digestion

peroxisome

breaks down fatty acids

detoxes alcohol

mitochondria

makes ATP

site of cellular respiration

flagella

helps move cell through water

centriole

where microtubules are made

cytoskeleton

provides support

regulates biochemical activities

transports

cilia

moves fluids

chloroplast, cell wall, plasmodesmata

all in plant cells

not in animal cells

transcription

first step of protein synthesis

occurs in nucleus

translation

second step of protein synthesis

occurs in the ribosome

codons

three bases on mRNA strand

anticodon

corresponding sets of three bases on tRNA molecules

AUG; methionine

start codon

UAA; UAG; UGA

stop codons

polypeptide

bunch of amino acids put together

DNA helicase

untwists two strands of DNA

RNA polymerase

binds to a specific gene

genetics

study of heredity

non-ambiguous

genetic code is this because each codon specifies for one amino acid

redundant

genetic code is this because more than one codon counts for one amino acid

substitution

wrong nucleotide is inserted

insertion

extra nucleotide is inserted into the complementary DNA strand

deletion

nucleotide is skipped and not added to complementary DNA strand

silent mutation

doesn’t affect primary structure of polypeptide

nucleotide is changed, but amino acid stays the same

missense mutation

results in insertion of a single incorrect amino acid in polypeptide

nonsense mutation

changes amino acid codon to stop a codon

prematurely terminates the protein most damaging mutation

frameshift mutation

disrupt the reading frame or triplet grouping of the gene

alters structure of the protein

mutagen

physical or chemical agent that causes mutations

plasmalize

a plant will do this in a hypertonic solution

placid

a plant will become this in a isotonic solution

turgid

a plant will become this in an hypotonic solution

microvilli

increase surface area