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Science
Biology
Cells
Protein Transport
Three Mechanisms of Protein Import into Organelles
Gated Transport
Protein traffic between nucleus and cytosol
Nuclear pore acts as a gate
Transmembrane Transport
Membrane bound protein translocators directly transport proteins across a membrane
Cytosol 🡪 ER, mitochondria, chloroplast
Transported protein is usually unfolded
Vesicular Transport
Membrane-enclosed transport intermediates
Vary in size
Ferry proteins from one compartment to another
Large vs Small Proteins
Transport of large molecules is active - requires GTP
Binding to transporter
Transport through nuclear pore using GTP
Small molecules (< 60 kDa, or about 9 nm diameter) enter or exit nucleus by passive diffusion
Protein Import Into Mitochondria
Chaperone proteins keep protein unfolded.
Matrix-targeting sequence binds to receptor.
Chaperones are released as protein is transferred to a channel in the outer membrane
Protein is transferred to a channel in the inner membrane.
Chaperones bind to protein as it enters the matrix
Matrix-targeting sequence is cleaved by an enzyme in the matrix.
Protein is completely threaded into the matrix.
Chaperones are released, and protein folds into its three-dimensional structure.
Protein Transport Into the ER Lumen
SRP binds to ER signal sequence and pauses translation.
SRP binds to receptor in ER membrane.
SRP is released, and translation resumes. The growing polypeptide is threaded into a channel.
The ER signal sequence is cleaved by signal peptidase.
The polypeptide is completely synthesized and released into the ER lumen.
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Going For Baroque
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