Biology Lab Final

What are the four phases of Mitosis?

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase

What comes after Telophase?

Cytokinesis

What is a cuvette?

Small, rectangular container which holds water samples for wavelength observation

Is this a Chromosome or Chromatid?

Chromosome

Chromosome or Chromatid?

Chromatid

What is a Homologous chromosome?

The same chromosome, one from mom, one from dad

Does crossing over happen in Mitosis or Meiosis?

Meiosis

What does Polygenic mean?

One gene codes for multiple traits

What is a phenotype?

The physical expression of a gene

What is Co-Dominance?

When both traits are expressed equally

What is a example of a Co-Dominant trait?

Blood type

Why did we wrap foil around the tube in the photosynthesis lab?

To prevent sunlight from hitting the plant

What does O2 mean?

Oxygen

What does Co2 mean?

Carbon Dioxide

Where does Glycolysis take place?

The cytoplasm

What is the end goal of cellular respiration?

To create ATP

What does Anaerobic mean?

No oxygen required

What does Aerobic mean?

Oxygen is present/required

Where is ATP stored?

Phosphate bonds

Which type of bonds hold DNA together?

Hydrogen bonds

What is the backbone of DNA?

Phosphates/sugar

Is DNA single or double stranded?

Double

Is RNA single or double stranded?

Single

What are the end products of photosynthesis?

Oxygen and Glucose

What was the paper chromatography used for?

To observe the different pigments and how hydrophobic they are

Were the colors on the tip of the chromatography the largest or smallest molecules?

The smallest molecules

Name the stages of the cell cycle

G0, G1, S phase, G2

What replaces thymine in RNA?

Uracil

What does the “m” in mRNA stand for?

Messenger

What does the “t” in tRNA stand for?

Transfer

What is the role of tRNA?

To carry amino acids the ribosomes

What does the “r” in rRNA stand for?

Ribosomal

What holds amino acids together?

Peptide bonds

What does Locus mean?

The location of a gene on the chromosome

What happens in the G0 phase of the cell cycle?

Not much, cells are at rest, not dividing.

What happens in the G1 phase of the cell cycle?

Cells grow, cellular contents are duplicated, additional proteins and centrosomes and centromeres are produced

What happens in the S phase of the cell cycle?

DNA is synthesized and replicated

What happens in the G2 phase of the cell cycle?

Cells grow ridiculously quickly, preparing for mitosis, protein is synthesized, and DNA proofreading

What is Mitosis?

The process by which cells duplicate themselves

Why is Mitosis important?

It’s required for growth, repair, and development. It replaces worn out cells

What is the role of DNA Helicase?

To cut DNA for replication

What is the role of DNA polymerase?

Puts nucleotides back together

What do DNA helicase and DNA polymerase do?

Create complimentary strands for DNA

What is the role of Phenol Red?

To detect the presence of carbon dioxide

Does DNA have a positive or negative charge?

Negative?

What is KOH?

Potassium Hydroxide

What is the role of KOH?

To absorb Carbon Dioxide

What is the Photosynthesis equation?

Co2 + H2O > Photosynthesis > C6 H12 O6 + O2

True or False: Male flies have darker abdomen than female flies

True

Why was it important to place the flies on the side of the tube?

So they wouldn’t suffocate in the fly medium

Is XBXb colorblind or not?

No

Is XbYb colorblind?

Yes 💔

What does the light spectrometer do?

Helps us observe different color wavelengths

What is the law of segregation?

Chromosomes are separated in gametes, one from egg, one from sperm.

What is the Law of independent assortment?

One trait does not influence another. (Eye Color does not determine skin color)

During Gel Electrophoresis, does DNA move to the positive or negative side?

Positive

What is the Cellular Respiration equation?

C6 H12 O6 + 6O2 > Cellular Respiration > 6Co2 + 6H2O

Does DNA contain sulfur?

No

Name the Nucleotides of DNA

Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine

Name the Nucleotides of RNA

Uracil, Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine

What is the name of the contraction created in the Cellular Respiration experiment?

Respirometer

In Gel Electrophoresis, DNA moves based on..

Size and shape. The smaller it is, the faster it’ll move

What phase is this cell in?

Prophase

What phase is this cell in?

Metaphase

What phase is this cell in?

Anaphase

What phase is this cell in?

Telophase

In plant cells, the ____ is present in telophase.

Cell plate

True or False: Animal cells have a cell plate in telophase

False

What happens in prophase?

The nucleus begins to dissolve and chromosomes begin to disperse

What happens in metaphase?

The chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

What happens in Anaphase?

Spindle fibers pull sister chromatids apart, toward opposite ends of the cell

What happens in Telophase?

Sister chromatids are pulled completely apart, cleavage furrow forms and nucleus begins to form around the new cell.

What happens in cytokinesis?

Cells divide completely, we have two cells now!

How many chromosomes are in each cell at the end of mitosis?

46

How many daughter cells are created at the end of meiosis 1?

2

How many daughter cells are created at the end of meiosis 2?

4

How many chromosomes are in each cell at the end of Meiosis 1?

23

How many chromosomes are in each cell at the end of meiosis 2?

23

What is a Karyotype?

A chart of an organism’s chromosomes

What is a Genotype?

The genetic makeup of a trait

What is an allele?

An alternate form of the same gene

True or False: Celluar Respiration makes energy

False, it stores energy

Where is energy stored?

Molecular bonds

When is energy released?

When the molecular bonds are broken

Where is DNA stored in prokaryotes?

The cytoplasm

Where is DNA stored in eukaryotic cells?

The Nucleus

What is the first step of cellular respiration?

Glycolysis

If the Phenol Red tube is red, what does that mean?

There is no Co2 present

If the Phenol Red tube is yellow/orange, what does it mean?

There is Co2 present

What is the name of the contraption created for the photosynthesis experiment?

Volumeter ( horrible photo💔)