Unit 8: Abnormal Behavior

Psychological Disorder

these must carry one of the following abnormal behaviors: maladaptive(difficult to fulfill normal functions), personal distress, atypical behavior, or a violation of cultural norms

Insanity

whether or not someone can be held accountable for criminal behavior

Mental Competence

A legal term applied when criminal suspects are deemed mentally unable to understand the criminal proceedings or aid in their defense

Psychosis

characterized by occurrences of severe mental illnesses in which one loses touch with reality

Demonology

the process of drilling a hole into an individuals head in an attempt to “get the demons out”

Lobotomy

surgical procedure performed on extremely volatile/emotional patients. This would drill a hole into a persons head, mentally incapacitating them

Medical Model

The concept that diseases have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured

Psychodynamic Model

Based on Freudian beliefs that all mental issues/illnesses stem from repressing past traumas, memories, or thoughts

Cognitive Model

Psychological disorders are illogical, irrational, or maladaptive thought processes

Socio-cultural Model

emphasizes societal and cultural influences in the individuals environment

Cultural Syndromes

some cultures have their own mental illnesses that can only be fully understood within the context of that culture

Biopsychosocial Approach

Diathesis-stress model- this argues that individual characteristics combined with environmental stressors can increase or decrease the likelihood of a mental disorder

DSM-5

The manual used by psychiatrists and psychologists that contains a list of symptoms of all mental disorders

ADD/ADHD

a psychological disorder marked by extreme inattention or hyperactivity and impulsivity

Anxiety Disorders

disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety

Social Anxiety Disorder(SAD)

characterized by intense fear and avoidance of social situations

Generalized Anxiety Disorder(GAD)

marked by excessive and uncontrollable worry that persists for SIX MONTHS or more

Panic Disorder

marked by unpredictable, minute long episodes of intense dread in which a person may experience terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations; often followed by worry of a possible next attack

Agoraphobia

the fear or avoidance of public situations

Phobias

marked by a persistent, irrational fear an avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation. They generally arise by having a negative experience or a panic attack about the specific thing.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder(OCD)

characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts(obsessions) and actions(compulsions), or both. Everyone behaves compulsively, but OCD occurs when these compulsions persistently interfere with everyday living

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder(PTSD)

characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, hypervigilance, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience

Major Depressive Disorder

a state of hopelessness or lethargy lasting for several WEEKS OR MONTHS. Symptoms include: depressed mood most of the time, dramatically reduces interest in most activities most of the time, physical agitation or lethargy, etc.

Bipolar Disorder

A disorder in which a person switches between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania

Mania

a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state in which dangerously poor judgement is common

Rumination

compulsive fretting and overthinking; this is more common in women

Explanatory Style

How we explain our failures; three stages: stable, global, internal

Schizophrenia

characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished, inappropriate emotional expression

Psychotic Disorder

a group of disorders marked by irrationality, distorted perceptions, and lost contact with reality

Positive Symptoms

symptoms are additive(hallucinations, delusions, etc.)

Negative Symptoms

symptoms are an absence of something(emotions, movements, etc.)

Hallucinations

false sensory experiences such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus

Delusions

a false belief, often of persecution or graduer, that may accompany psychotic disorders

Disorganized speech

a word salad in which thoughts come out disorganized

Flat Affect

when a person lapses into an emotionless state

Chronic Schizophrenia

develops over a long period of time, recovery is doubtful

Acute Schizophrenia

can begin at any age, usually in response to a traumatic experience, easier to recover from

Dopamine Overactivity

hyper-reactive dopamine systems may intensify brain signals in schizophrenia, creating positive symptoms

Somatic Symptom Disorder

a disorder in which symptoms take a somatic(bodily) form without apparent physical cause

Conversion Disorder

a disorder in which a person experiences a very specific physical symptom that is not compatible with recognized medical and neurological conditions

Illness Anxiety Disorder

when a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease

Dissociative Disorders

controversial, rare disorders in which consciousness becomes separated from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings

Dissociative Amnesia

the inability to remember parts of the past as a result of trauma

Dissociative Identity DIsorder(DID)

two or more distinct entities, each with their own voices and mannerisms, seem to contain a persons behavior at different times

Personality Disorders

consist of inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning

Anxiety Type

such fearful sensitivity to rejection that predisposes the withdrawn avoidant personality disorder

Eccentric Type

the emotionless disengagement of schizophrenia

Dramatic Type

attention-grabbing borderline personality disorder

Antisocial Personality Disorder(Dramatic Type)

when a person exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even towards friends and family

Anorexia Nervosa

when a person maintains a starvation diet despite being significantly underweight

Bulimia Nervosa

a person binge-eats and then follows this with an inappropriate weight loss behavior such as vomiting, fasting, laxative use, or excessive exercise

Binge-Eating Disorder

a person binge-eats and then feels guilt, distress, or disgust

Psychotherapy

treatment involving psychological techniques

Biomedical Therapy

prescribed medication or procedures that act directly on the persons physiology

Eclectic

combines biomedical and psychotherapy approaches

Psychoanalysis

Sigmund Freud, Believed that patients’ free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences released previously repressed feelings

Free Associations

most common technique in psychoanalysis; occurs whenever patients said whatever came to their mind

Transferring

over many sessions, your relationship patterns surfaced with your actual therapist

Psychodynamic Therapies

views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, seeks to enhance self-insight

Insight Therapies

aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing a persons’ awareness of underlying motives and defenses

Carl Rogers

developed client-centered therapy and active listening

Client-Centered Therapy

therapist uses techniques such as active listening to comfort the patient

Active Listening

the therapist echoes, restates, and seeks clarification of what the person expresses

Behavior Therapists

apply learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behavior

Counterconditioning

behavioral therapy procedures that use classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors

Mary Cover Jones

did an anti Little Albert, used counter conditioning to help peter get over his fear of rabbits

Joseph Wolpe

Pioneered Exposure therapies

Exposure therapies

behavioral techniques such as systematic desensitization and VR exposure therapy that treat anxiety by exposing people to the things they fear and avoid

Systematic Desensitization

associates a pleasant, relaxed sensation with gradually increasing anxiety triggering stimuli

Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy

uses creative, electronic simulations to expose you to your fears and phobias

Aversive Conditioning

a type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior ex: conversion camps

Token Economy

people earn tokens for exhibiting a behavior and can later exchange tokens for a reward

Cognitive Therapy

based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions

Albert Ellis

created Rational-Emotive Behavioral Therapy

Rational-Emotive Behavioral Therapy

vigorously challenges people’s self-defeating attitudes and assumptions

Aaron Beck

pioneered CBT and cognitive triad

Cognitive Triad

three interrelated and dysfunctional types of automatic thinking

Group Therapy

therapy in a group setting; advantages: saves money, develops social skills, provides feedback

Family Therapy

Therapy for interfamilial relationships. ex: marriage counselling

Meta-analysis

a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research skills

Evidence-Based Practice

clinical decision making that integrates the best available research within clinical expertise and patient characteristics and preferences

Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing(EDMR)

proposed that imagining traumatic scenes while experiencing triggered eye movements enables the person to unlock and reprocess previously frozen memories

Francine Shapiro

Pioneered EDMR

Light Exposure Therapy

give people a timed daily dose of intense light to help mental health

Psychopharmacology

the study of the effects of drugs on the mind and behavior

Antipsychotic Drugs

drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder

Antianxiety Drugs

drugs used to control anxiety and agitation

Antidepressant Drugs

drugs used to treat depression, PTSD, OCD, and anxiety

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors(SSRIs)

these prolong the time that serotonin molecules remain in the brain’s system by blocking the normal reuptake process

Mood Stabilizing Drugs

Controls episodes and seizures

Electroconvulsive Therapy

a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient

Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Simulation(rTMS)

the application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity

Psychosurgery

removes or destroys the brain tissue in an effort to change behavior

Deep Brain Stimulation

experimental; pinpoints the neural hub that bridges the frontal lobe to the limbic system