World Cultures - Decolonization Test

India: Why was there a rise of Indian nationalism? (War)

- WWI increased nationalist activity. Indians were recruited to help war efforts and were promised independence in return

- British denied independence

India: Why was there a rise of Indian nationalism? (Rebellion)

The Amritsar Massacre sparked it

India: What were the Rowlatt Acts?

- They allowed the gov. to jail protestors without trial for as long as 2 years

- Indians couldn't meet publicly, couldn't criticize, and couldn't have political rights

India: Why did the British create the Rowlatt Acts?

To silence the rebellion and stop Indians from getting independence

India: Amritsar Massacre

Hindus and Muslims were protesting Rowlatt Acts in Amritsar to fast, pray, and listen to political speeches, and British troops open fire on them without warning, killing thousands

India: Why did Gandhi emerge as a leader of the Indian independence movement?

He was popular and a good man, and he had studied law against South African discrimination

India: What is satyagraha?

Weakening authority by not cooperating with the government non-violently

(Mostly used against the British)

India: What kinds of actions did Indians engage in as part of satyagraha?

- Global boycotts

- Refusing to buy goods, pay taxes, vote, or go to school

- Living independently (Spinning your own yarn, etc.)

India: Salt March (Cause + Effects)

Cause: Protesting salt taxes from government. They marched 240 miles to the sea and made their own salt

Effects: Thousands of people, including Gandhi, were arrested

India: Why did Great Britain finally give independence to India?

The Government of India Act allowed self rule, and British split India into 2 countries (India and Pakistan)

South Africa: What was apartheid, who created it, and why?

What: Policy of racial segregation/discrimination

Who: The National Party

Why: To gain more power and weaken black majority power

South Africa: What were the Pass Laws?

Laws making black South Africans carry documents at all times that allowed them to be outside of their homes

South Africa: What were the Homelands?

Black South Africans are forced from their homes and forced to live and work there. Living conditions were bad

South Africa: How were Nelson Mandela and Gandhi similar? Different?

Similar: Advocated for peace, protested for their rights, wouldn't obey the gov.

Different: Gandhi refused to be violent, Mandela was okay with being violent

South Africa: What happened at Sharpeville?

South African police open fired on peaceful protesters. After this, Mandela agreed to using violence in protests

South Africa: Why was Mandela in jail?

- He was accused of sabotage + plotting to overthrow the gov.

- He was sentenced to life in prison.

South Africa: What led to the end of apartheid?

New South African president (de Klerk) thought it hurt the country and ended it

- Believed it was unfair + needed change

South Africa: What did Mandela go on to achieve?

- President of the ANC (African National Congress)

- Works w/ de Klerk to write a new South African Constitution (ended apartheid for equality)

- Wins Peace Nobel Prize w/ de Klerk

Rwanda: What was the difference between the Hutus and Tutsis? (Socially)

Tutsis: Landowners + kings

Hutus (Majority group): Farmers + poor population

Rwanda: What nation reinforced the racial divide the Hutus and Tutsis?

The Belgians

Rwanda: Why were the Tutsis considered superior?

They looked more European (White, tall, skinny)

T is a taller and skinnier letter than H

Rwanda: What event ignited the genocide in Rwanda?

The Hutus' independence + the Belgians favoring them. Hutus kill nearly 1 million Tutsis in revenge + to eliminate the race (The Rwandan Genocide)

Rwanda: What did the international community do to stop the carnage?

The United Nations sent military to keep peace, but they don't do anything to fix the problems

Rwanda: What was the Rwanda Patriotic Front Army (RPF)?

Exiled Tutsi's created it to fight for and get their land back