General Biology I Lecture Test 4 Study Checklist

A collection of flashcards covering essential concepts and details from the General Biology I lecture on transcription, translation, cellular respiration, and photosynthesis.

What are the steps of transcription?

Initiation, elongation, and termination.

What is the role of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases?

They activate amino acids by attaching them to their corresponding tRNA.

What is the structure and function of ATP?

ATP is the energy currency of the cell; it releases energy when phosphate groups are transferred.

What are the differences between fermentation and aerobic respiration?

Fermentation occurs in the absence of oxygen and produces less energy compared to aerobic respiration, which requires oxygen and produces more energy.

What are exergonic and endergonic reactions?

Exergonic reactions release energy, while endergonic reactions consume energy.

What is the significance of the Calvin cycle?

The Calvin cycle is part of photosynthesis that converts carbon dioxide into glucose using energy from ATP and NADPH.

How does the structure of chloroplasts facilitate photosynthesis?

Chloroplasts contain pigments and structures like thylakoids that are essential for capturing light energy.

What are the phases of glycolysis?

Glycolysis consists of an energy investment phase and an energy payoff phase.

What is the chemical equation for cellular respiration?

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP.

What is photorespiration?

Photorespiration is a process that consumes oxygen, releases carbon dioxide, and occurs when the Calvin cycle takes place under low carbon dioxide environments.

What occurs during oxidative phosphorylation?

Electron transport chain and chemiosmosis, where electrons move through proteins, generating an electrochemical gradient that produces ATP.

What are the differences in transcription and translation locations between eukaryotes and prokaryotes?

In prokaryotes, transcription and translation occur in the cytoplasm simultaneously, while in eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus and translation in the cytoplasm.

What are polyribosomes?

Polyribosomes are clusters of ribosomes translating the same mRNA simultaneously, enhancing protein synthesis.

Why is photosynthesis important to ecosystems?

Photosynthesis produces oxygen and organic compounds for energy, supporting food webs and ecosystems.

What is the electron transport chain?

A series of protein complexes that transfer electrons and pump protons, generating ATP and water in cellular respiration.

What is the importance of alternative splicing?

Alternative splicing allows a single gene to produce multiple proteins, enhancing genetic diversity.