Studied by 0 people
Thinking
A higher mental process involving manipulation and analysis of information received from the environment.
Concept
A mental representation of a category (class of objects, ideas, or events with shared properties).
Problem Solving
Goal-directed thinking to solve a specific problem.
Creative Thinking
Involves novel and original ideas or solutions.
Convergent Thinking
Solves problems with a single correct answer.
Divergent Thinking
Open-ended thinking with multiple possible answers, encouraging creativity.
Language
A system of symbols organized by rules for communication.
Characteristics of Language
Includes symbols, a set of rules to organize symbols, and communication.
Deductive Reasoning
Reasoning from general to specific based on an assumption.
Inductive Reasoning
Reasoning from specific to general based on observation.
Reasoning in Problem Solving
Process of gathering and analyzing information to draw conclusions.
Judgment
Drawing conclusions based on knowledge and evidence.
Decision-Making
Choosing among alternatives by evaluating the associated costs and benefits.
Divergent Thinking Components
Includes fluency, flexibility, originality, and elaboration.
Stages of Creative Thinking
Preparation, incubation, illumination, and verification.
Does Thinking Occur Without Language?
Jean Piaget believed thought precedes language.
Language Acquisition (Behaviorist Theory)
Learned through association, imitation, and reinforcement according to B.F. Skinner.
Language Acquisition (Innate Proposition)
Noam Chomsky proposed universal grammar and critical periods for language learning.
Stages of Language Development
Crying, babbling, one-word stage, two-word stage, telegraphic speech.
Fluency
The ability to generate many ideas for a task.
Flexibility
The ability to think of a variety of ideas.
Originality
Generating rare and unique ideas.
Elaboration
Detailing and expanding ideas.
Anthropomorphism
Attributing human traits to non-human entities.
Cognitive Dissonance
Conflict experienced when holding contradictory beliefs.
Heuristics
Mental shortcuts used for problem-solving and decision-making.
Meta-Cognition
Awareness and understanding of one's own thought processes.
Stereotype
A widely held but oversimplified belief about a group.
Schema
A framework for organizing information.
Confirmation Bias
The tendency to search for, interpret, and remember information in a way that confirms one's preconceptions.
Intuition
The ability to understand something instinctively, without the need for conscious reasoning.
