Nutrition and Biochemistry ( Lecture by Jennifer Harmon)

Symptoms of hypoglycemia: Subjective experiences reported by the patient

1. - Lightheadedness

2. - irribility

3. - Sweating

4. - Palpitations

5. - Hunger

6. - Dizziness

7.- Headache

8. - Shakiness

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

A genetic disorder marked by the inability to metabolize the amino acid phenylalanine

Phenylalanine cannot be metabolized by the ________ into __________ a non essenesinal amino acid

Liver; tyrosine

Marasmus

Occurs in infants

Stravation; inadequate protein and calories

seen in impoverished nations

Impairs brain development & learning

muscles waste away/weak. Poor growth

Kwashiorkor

- Protein deficiency only

- Adequate calories

- Children 18 to 24 months

- Edema

- Fatty liver

- A hair color change and sparse hair

- Anemia

- Lethargy

- Cracked, peeling, infection-prone skin

- Opportunistic infections

Islets of Langerhans

groups of pancreatic cells secreting insulin and glucagon, these cells make little to no insulin

Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM) or Type I Diabetes

- Minority of Diabetes

- Occurs in children and young adults

- WBC attacks insulin-producing islets (viral infection) or hereditary factors

- insulin-dependent

- chartered weight loss with increased appetite

Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus or Type II Diabetes

- Most common type of diabetes

- Usually develops at age 40 or older

- Insufficient insulin production

- Characterized by weight gain with increased appetite

The three Ds of hyperglycemia

- Polydipsia: Excessive thirst

- Polyuria: Frequent Urination

- Polyphagia: Excessive hunger

Symptoms of Hyperglycemia

- Blood glucose greater than 130 mg/dL before meals

- Greater 180 mg/dL - 2 after meals

- Ketone Breathe (fruity smelling)

- Ketonuria ( the excretion of abnormal, large amounts of ketone bodies in the urine

Complications of Diabetes

- Increased periodontal disease

- Xerstomia

- Blindness

- Poor Circulation

- Heart disease - Most frequent cause of diabetes- related death

- loss of kidney function

Bulimia Nervosa

More common than anorexia

Bullimia Nervosa Behavioral Profile

- Usually Female

- Onset usually teenage years and young adulthood

- Low self-esteem, guilt

- Food is comfort; turn toward food during a crisis or problem

- Characterized by binging and purging

- may show signs of malnutrition ( dry brittle hair, spoon-shaped nails, and cheliosis

- may present with abrasions/calluses on knuckles

Anorexia Nervosa

An eating disorder in which an irrational fear of weight gain leads people to starve themselves

Anorexia Nervosa Behavior Profile

- 10:1 ratio, more females than males

- The upper socioeconomic population is more affected

- Weight loss is viewed as evidence of self-control

- Seen more with teens and young adult

Varying characteristics of Anorexia Nervosa

- Compulsive exercise habits

- Amenohhera for at least 3 months in a row

-Lanugo

- Decrease heart rate

- Eats 300-600 kcal/day

Treatment of Anorexia Nervosa

- increase food intake to raise metabolic rate back to normal; restore normal eating habits with proper food intake

- Psychological needs (therapy, reha,b etc.)

A few days without water can be

fatal

What is the only liquid nutrient essential for the body's hydration

Water

Plain tap water

It is the most natural source of fluids

Who controls/ regulates the levels of contaminants allowed in drinking water in public water systems

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

Uses of bottled water have

Increased

What is the most abundant component in the body

Water

Water is 75-70% of body weight at

Birth

Water is 50% to 60% of body weight

as an adult

Other sources of fluids?

coffee

teas

sift drinks

sport drinks

Functions of water

Repairs and builds cells

aid in cellular respiration

osmotic pressure

Boyd temperature

Acid and base balance

Minerals are

solid, naturally occurring, inorganic (not living) substances that are divided into trace elements (micronutrients) and major minerals

Major minerals

required in large amounts int he body functions adn processes

Trace minerals

Also known as micronutrients, they are required in small amounts for various functions in the human body

Calcium is the most

An abundant mineral in the human body

Where is 99% of the body's calcium found in the human body

Skeltons (bones) and teeth

Functions of Calcium in the Human Body

- Aids in blood coagulation

- transmit nerve impulses

- Muscles' contraction and relaxation

- Membrane permeability

- Activate certain enzymes

- Salivary calcium acts as a buffer to inhibit caries formation

Buffering action of calcium in saliva

ions in saliva help neutralize acids produced by bacteria, which raises the pH and reduces enamel demineralization.

Dietary Sources of Calcium

Milk

dairy products

fortified soy and rice milk

Calcium fortified drink (orange juice) supplements

Hypo/Hyper states of Calcium

Osteomalacia

Rickets

Hypocalcium

Hypercalcium

Hypercalcemia

Excess calcium levels in the blood

Hypoclalcima

Different levels of serum calcium

Rickets

Occurs in children, is a childhood bone disorder caused by a deficiency of vitamin D, Calcium, or phosphate, leading to soft and weak bones.

Osteomalacia

It's the adult form of rickets — it’s caused by a vitamin D deficiency, and Calcium that leads to softening of the bones due to poor mineralization.

Phosphorus Function

- formation of bones and teeth

- Muscle and nerve activity

- Components of phospholipids in cell membranes, DNA, and RNA

- Energy metabolism (ADP)

- Helps regulate the acid-ase balance in the body

Dietary source of phosphorus

- Animal protein

- Milk products

- Food additive in baked goods, cheese, processed meats, and soft drinks

Deficiency in Phosphorus

Rare because it is abundant in foods, but it can happen.

Hyperphohstemia

Hypoposphemia

It can also result in tooth problems

Hyperphophatemia

Serum levels above 2.6 mg/dL may occur in patients who have hypoparathyroidism or suffer from renal insufficiency

Hypoposphemia can result from

- long-term ingestion of aluminum hydroxide antacids, which binds to phosphorus

- stress

- intestinal conditions ( Celiac Sprue)

During tooth development, phosphorus deficiency results in

- incomplete calcification of teeth

- Failure of dentin formation

- increased susceptibility to caries

Magnesium is found where in the body

2/3 in bones and the 3rd most prevalent mineral in teeth

Function of Magnesium

- maintain calcium homeostasis

- prevent skeletal abnormalities

- cofactor for more than 300 enzymes

- necessary for DNARNA synthesis

- regulate transmission of nerve impulses and muscle contractions, especially the heart

- blood pressure regulation and preventing stroke

Dietary source of magnesium

Dark green, leafy vegetables like spinach, whole grains, nuts, chocolate, and bananas

Although toxicity or deficiency is rare, who can it be seen in if it does occur?

Chronic alcoholics; symptoms include fragility of alveolar bone, gingival hypertrophy, cardiac arrhythmias, neuromuscular dysfunction

kidney regulates

magnesium

Sodiums function

- Body water balance

- Regulate AICD base balance

- Facilitate impulse transmission in nerves and muscle fibers

Dietary Sources of Sodium

table salt, meat, seafood, cheese, milk, bread, and vegetables

Hypernatremia

elevated serum sodium levels; signs include extreme thirst, dry sticky tongue and oral mucous membranes, fever, and convulsions

Hyponatremia

water intoxication; early symptoms, nausea and abdominal cramps, headache, confusion, and lethargy

Function of iron

- A part of hemoglobin and enzymes involved in energy metabolism

- conversion of beta-carotene to vitamin A

- removal of lipids from the blood

- synthesis of collagen

What is one of the most difficult minerals to obtain in adequate amounts in the American

Iron

Sources of iron

Egg yolk, meats, liver, dark green vegetables and dried fruits

Deficiency syndrome

Anemia, pallor of lips and oral mucosa, angular cheilitis, patchy tongue, glossitis, increased risk of candidiasis, and fatigue

Function of Iodine

Production of thyroxine, which regulates the basal metabolic rate

Sources of iodine

- Seafood, plants that grow near the ocean, yogurt, milk, and iodized salt

Hyperstates of Iodine

thyroiditis, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, and sensitivity reactions

Deficiency of iodine (hypo)

- Goiter

- Delayed eruption of primary and secondary teeth

enlarged tongue

- Endemic cretinism

Endemic cretinism

Fatal iodine deficiency

Function of Zinc in the Human Body

- An important component of over 300 enzymes that perform functions affecting cell growth and replication (DNA/RN)

- bone growth and mineral metabolism

- Taste semll and apipitie

Dietary sources for Zinc

lamb, beedm, crustaceans, eggs, and whole grains

Oral signs of Zinc deficiency

- Change in epithelium of the tongue increases susceptibility to periodontal disease, flattened filiform papillae, loss of taste and smell, poor appetite, and impaired wound healing

What is considered/recognized as the most important trace minerals for humans

Zinc

Macrominerals include

Calcium (Ca)

Phosphorus (P)

Magnesium (Mg)

Sodium (Na)

Potassium (K)

Chloride (Cl)

Sulfur (S)

Trace minerals include

Iron (Fe)

Zinc (Zn)

Iodine (I)

Fluoride (F)

Copper (Cu)

Manganese (Mn)

Selenium (Se)

Chromium (Cr)

Molybdenum (Mo)

Potassium functions in the human body

- Maintenance of fluid electrolyte balance

- nerve impulses

- muscle contraction, including heart muscles, and the electrical conductivity of the heart

- Carbohydrate and protein metabolism.

- Reduce the adverse effects of sodium on blood pressure

- reduces the risk of kidney stones and possible prevents bone loss

Dietary sources of potassium

Bannang, fresh fruits, vegetables, yams, milk, meat, whole grains, dried beans, beans, potassium supplements

Causes of Hyperkalemia

swetaing too much, dibeteic acidosis, vomiting, diarrhea, diuretics, leads to muscle weakness in the legs, leg cramps, electrocardiographic changes

Cuases of hyperkalemia

impaired renal excretion, increased shift of potassium out of the cell increased potassium intake

Classes of vitamin A

retinoids: in animal products

carotenoids: in fruits/vegetables

Function of Vitamin A

Vision, Cancer prevention, Growth, Integrity of skin, mucosa membranes, maintenance of immune function, helps remodel bone, and protein synthesis

Dietary sources of Vitamin A

Retinol: beef liver, fish, egg yolk, fortified foods

Beta-carotene: yellow, orange, green leafy vegetables, melons, spinach, broccoli, carrots, turnip greens

Deficiency of Vitamin A

Night blindness, growth failure, dry skin, keratomalacia, enamel hypoplasia, and defective dentin formation in developing teeth.

Vitamin D is also called

Calciferol

Vitamin D function

Helps absorb calcium and phosphorus, mineralization of bones and teeth

Vitamin D Dietary sources

Sunlight, fortified foods

Vitamin D deficiency

Rickets

Osteomalacia

Vitamin E function

Protects the integrity of normal cell membranes and effectively prevents hemolysis of blood cells.

Acts as an anticoagulant.

Preserves fats (antioxidant)

Vitamin E sources

Vegetable seed oils, some fruits (apples, apricots, peaches

Vitamin E Considerations

Supplements may be a concern for pateint with vitamin K deficiency or for patients receiving anticoagulant therapy, which interferes with vitamin K activity, because it can increase the risk for hemorrhaging

Vitamin K function

Aid in the formation of blood clotting factor prothrombin, and helps increase bone density

Vitamin K Dietary source

Green leafy vegetables and soybeans, meats, and beef liver

Vitamin K deficiency

Disease or drug therapy could cause deficiency conditions like celiac disease, a sprue,

- defective blood clotting

- No toxicity symptoms have been documented

-Newborns are given a vitamin K shot immediately after birth

What are the water-soluble vitamins

all the B vitamins and C vitamins

Thiamin

B1

Riboflavin

B2

Niacin

B3

Pantothenic Acid

B5

Pyridoxine

B6

Biotin

B7

Folic acid/folate

B9

Cobalamin

B12

Ascorbic Acid

Vitmain C

Nemonic for remembering all B Vitamins

The

Rain

Never

Paints

Pretty

Bunnies

Foxes

Cats

Thiamin function

provide energy to the brain, CNS, and heart