PSYCH TEST 1

Social Psychology

The scientific study of how people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by other people.

Hindsight Bias

The tendency to believe that one would have predicted an event or outcome after it has already occurred.

Norman Triplett

Conducted the first social psychology experiment, studying how the presence of others affects performance.

Max Ringelmann

Studied social loafing, the phenomenon where individuals exert less effort in a group compared to when they are alone.

Hitler

Caused an influx of scientists to the US, leading to the growth of social psychology as people wanted to understand why individuals follow authority figures.

Gordon Allport

Considered the father of social psychology, studied attitudes, racism, and group effects.

Social Influence

The study of how the presence of others affects our thoughts, behaviors, and beliefs.

Social Thinking

How we think about ourselves and others, and what leads us to form beliefs about ourselves.

Social Behavior

How we act in social situations and how the presence of others changes our interactions.

Social Achievement

The pursuit of social recognition, status, and success.

Person-situation Interaction

The interplay between an individual's characteristics and the environment or situation they are in.

Sociocultural Perspective

A theoretical perspective in social psychology that emphasizes the influence of culture and larger social groups on individual thoughts and behaviors.

Evolutionary Perspective

A theoretical perspective that focuses on how our interactions with others are rooted in the elements that helped our ancestors survive and thrive.

Social Learning Perspective

A theoretical perspective that emphasizes how past experiences with reward and punishment shape our behaviors.

Social Cognitive Perspective

A theoretical perspective that highlights the role of subjective experiences and interpretations in determining social behavior.

Applied Psychology

Psychology that has practical applications to real-world problems.

Basic Psychology

Research and psychology aimed at expanding knowledge and understanding.

Scientific Method

A systematic approach to research that involves developing theories, generating hypotheses, testing them through experiments, analyzing data, and evaluating and potentially revising theories.

Observational Method

A research method that involves observing and describing phenomena in their natural settings without attempting to change anything.

Correlational Method

A research method that examines the relationship between two variables and describes how they work together or in opposition.

Experimental Method

A research method that allows researchers to establish causality by manipulating an independent variable and observing its effects on a dependent variable.

Operational Definition

Defining an abstract concept in concrete terms to measure or observe it.

Construct Validity

The extent to which an operational definition accurately represents the concept it is intended to measure.

Confederate

A research assistant who plays a role in a study to create more control over the experimental conditions.

Naturalistic Observation

Unobtrusively observing a phenomenon in its natural setting without interfering.

Ethnography

Observing and studying a culture to understand its influence on psychology.

Surveys

Collecting data by asking participants a series of questions.

Social Desirability Bias

The tendency to answer questions in a way that is socially acceptable rather than expressing true feelings or beliefs.

Archival Analysis

Analyzing existing data that has been collected for other purposes.

Meta-Analysis

Analyzing and summarizing the results of multiple studies to determine if there is agreement.

Quasiexperiment

A research design where the variable of interest cannot be manipulated or controlled by the researcher.

Confounds

Variables outside of the experiment that may influence the results.

Li (1975)

A study that found a correlation between the number of electrical appliances and birth control use, with money being the confounding variable.

Stimulus Sampling

Ensuring that items used in a study are generic to avoid unintended changes in behavior.

Replication Crisis

The tendency for research findings to not be replicated when repeated, leading to concerns about the reliability of social psychology research.

WEIRD

Refers to the overrepresentation of participants from Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic cultures in social psychology research.

Internal Validity

The extent to which a study has control over its variables and can establish cause and effect.

External Validity

The extent to which a study's findings can be generalized to real-world settings and populations.

Nature vs Nurture

The debate about the relative importance of genetics (nature) and environment (nurture) in shaping human behavior.

Theory of Evolution

The scientific theory that explains how species change over time through the process of natural selection.

Natural Selection

The process by which certain traits or characteristics become more or less common in a population based on their impact on survival and reproduction.

Bidirectional Relationship

The idea that nature and

Social Rules

Each role serves a different self, the role that is active is determining the self that is active.

Looking Glass Self

We determine ourselves based on how others see us, different groups have different perspectives.

Internal vs External

Internal refers to a person being more accurate in self-perception, while external refers to others being more accurate in describing external traits.

Social Comparison

Using ourselves to understand our position, comparing ourselves to people we follow.

Self-Perception

Learning about ourselves by looking at our behavior.

Facial Feedback Hypothesis

Certain facial expressions can cause specific emotions.

Power Stance

Standing with feet apart and hands on hips to feel good (not effective).

Independent vs Interdependent

Independent self-identity vs incorporating close others into our identity.

Self-Knowledge

The overall set of beliefs or understanding one has about themselves.

Motives for Self-Knowledge

Appraisal, self-enhancement, and consistency.

Introspection

Examining one's own mind and mental state.

The Self Matters

Self-reference, endowment, and self-discrepancy theory.

Self-Esteem

How one evaluates themselves.

Sociometer Theory

Using self-esteem as a gauge for how much others like us.

Self-Enhancement

Thinking positive traits are more descriptive than negative.

Self-Serving Bias

Taking credit for successes and blaming others for failures.

Self-Presentation

How one presents themselves to others.

Spotlight Effect

Believing more people are paying attention to us than they actually are.

Identity

How we perceive ourselves and the importance of identity.

Self-Awareness

Awareness of who we are and what we're doing.

Choosing

The process of making decisions.

Influences on Choosing

Risk aversion, temporal discounting, certainty effect, and keeping options open.

Social Influence on Choosing

Reactance theory and change.

Self-Freedom

Feeling like an agent of our own destiny.

Agency

Goals, short-term and long-term goals, Zeigarnik effect, goal shielding, and plans.

Self-Regulation

Self-control and the process of seeking to control internal processes or external behaviors.

Standards

Expectation for engaging in cultural norms

Monitoring

Looking at your behavior and seeing how it matches with those standards

TOTE

Test, operate, test, exit (start by testing behavior against a standard, if it is in line with the standard you will immediately exit, operate is changing behavior so that it is more in line with the standard, then you need to test again, you may need to operate again but if behavior is in line with standard you can exit)

Likely important to move from social role to social role

Drops with age (Reifman et al

Older people tend to care less so they stop monitoring phase

Willpower

Another term for self-control, ability to exert self-control

Decision fatigue

Making decisions can be a tiring process

Habits

Behaviors made common and regulated by the automated system

Self-Sabotage

Unconsciously choosing to engage in bad behaviors

Tradeoffs

May barter with yourself that focus on temporal discounting

Faulty Cognition

We engage in self-sabotage because of the cognitive faults mentioned

Philosophy

Focuses on thoughts and ideas that can be connected to how we interact socially

Sociology

Focuses on the group (how individual is affecting group, or how group is affecting individual)

Anthropology

Examine specific cultures and groups, understand the effects that that culture has

Genes and Evolution

Twin studies between fraternal and identical twin, which seem to be more genetic or environmental, why we are doing some things that we are doing, why do we find certain people attractive, aggression and antisocial behavior and why are we acting negatively towards others and what that could have gotten us in previous generations

Social Eloping

You work less hard in a group

Culture

Tried to look as social psychology in terms of global effects, what we can expect from every human in the world, incorporate culture and perspective into psychology

Theory

The scientific explanation that connects and organizes observations

Festinger, Riecken, & Schachter (1956)

Infiltrated a group that believed that aliens were going to come and destroy the planet to understand what would happen when a strongly held belief when it wasn’t supported, pretended to be members of the group, had done so much good so that the aliens would decide to save the earth

Issues

Based on what you are seeing and how you are interpreting it, if the researcher have a belief pf what they may find, it could influence the way they interpret that data

Experiment

Considered the gold standard, determine causality because you have an independent variable under control of the researcher and because participants are randomly assigned

Within-subjects design

Participants are exposed to every level of independent variable

Between-subjects design

Where the participants are only exposed to one level of the independent variable

Cultural Shifts

 Something about the culture has changed that could change your study

IRB

Internal Review Board, any research between human subjects has to go through this process, read and review study to see if it holds up against ethical standards

Deception

 If you use a confederate you are using deception, it is allowed as long as it is justifiable and that the deception isn't in relation to potential risks or harm, have to come clean once the study is done

Informed Consent

Participant has to be aware of what they are doing and any potential risk or harm that they may encounter

Debriefing

Tell the participant what they did, why they  did it, and come clean about any deception

Correlation

A statistic describing the relationship between two variables

-1 to +1

Closer you are to 0 the weaker the correlation

CORRELAION CANNOT DETERMINE CAUSE AND EFFECT

Positive Correlation

When the two variables move together, as one increases the other also increases

Negative Correlation

Two variables are moving in opposition, as one goes up the other goes down

No Relationship

Where variables do not have any typical pattern of movement within each other