Anthropology - 101 EXAM

Anthropology

The study of humans past, present and future

Holistic

The belief that something are interconnected and explained only by referencing the whole. We look at anthropology and how it connects culturally, linguistically, biological and historically

Infrastructure

- technologies and techniques used to harness food and energy

- trading, farming and industry

- the bottom of the barrel

Social structure

- how people organize relationships

- people might livewith each other to share resources

- middle of the barrel

Superstructure

- its the belief system of values, ideas, symbols and religion

- eg. american dream

- top of the barrel

Ethnocentrism

The belief that one culture is superior than others and often leading to judgement of other cultures based on the standard and values

eg. when someone is wearing a beckon can be judged by other cultures for using to much skin

Cultural relativism

looking at a culture based on a new eyes rather then judgment a culture based on a criteria of another culture

What are the types of seeing?

Seeing it small

- looking at the smaller details... like who said it and why it was said

Seeing it big

- holistic view

seeing it all

- not trying to stick to your own values

seeing your own seeing

- looking at how your own actions could be different

Ethnography

- to study the culture culture and communities throughout direct observation, participation and immersion

- the understanding of how people live and interact

thick and thin description

THICK - is the deep, detailed, and contextualized behaviour and culture

THIN - explain the surface level

Participant observation

The study of how people interact with each other, how environment affect people and how people affect the enviroment

Emic

- insider

- understanding the people own culture

- important to obtain a detailed understanding od culture

"what does cherry blossoms means to you"

Etic

- outsider

- how other view other people culture

- "cherry blossom festivals are culturally event marking spring"

Armchair anthropology

- when individuals were making up mythes about culture and their research

- relying on data, reports and accounts

BOAS - first one to get out of the chair

Salvage ethnography

- focusing on perseruing your culture

- sense the urgency to find all the info they could before things like capatalisum got in the way

field notes

- writting/ documenting EVERYTHING being observed

Reaserch ethic borad

committee that reviews and approves research involving people to ensure its ethical and safe

Human evolution

The process in which modern human developed from early species

- its adaption/ change not process

Homini

- humans and extinct ancestors

homodis

human and great apes

bipedalism

- being fully able to stand

- transitions from app-like creatures to the early human ancestors

- important developments for us to become persistence

persistence hunting

- hunting that is baed off of a endurance

- started 2 million years ago

agriculture - neolithic revolution

means farming

- transition between hunting and gathering to farming

- creating towns and villages because it was grown around farming and land

Barter + David grabber

- refers to the exchange of goods without use of money

- how societies organize and manage economic activities, life trade, exchange and distribution

David

- he beloved that barter goal was based of off social & relationships and gifts

- building relationship then simply swapping goods

myth of progress

- how humans always on a linear path to be better and more advanced

Symbol

"dog" - words are representations in language because specific languages give objects immersing.

- its when something gives a word a meaning and representation

universal grammar

- we all have universal rules to language

phonemes

the sounds that make up words

morphemes

taking the words and create meaning

sytax

taking morphemes to create words/ sentences

pragmatics

- depending on the context, situations, tones, or actions of a person it changes the way individuals interpret the information

"im so excited to go to class"

speech act

use language to do something because you are talking

- when you talk its followed by a action or telling someone else to perform an act

linguistic relativity

the idea the language you speak affects the way you see the world

- impacts culture and how speakers thinks

EG. "dude or sir

register

- type of linguistic relativity

- adjusting language based on formality

eg. how you speak to your boss vs friend

code switching

- switched between language or dialect

eg. how you switch languages - Spanish with your mom and English with your friends

production

- the process of creating of saying of words

- simular to syntax

Market exchange

- when you exchange goods and services solly on money only

Reciprocity

- give and take

- the trading you are making is mutual obligation

- trading based on social relationships

Generalized reciprocity

- household and family

- give something without expecting anything back

not keeping track of value

Balanced reciprocity

- givngin and receiving with equal value

- selling/receving based on fairness

Redistribution

bigger - larger/ government organization

eg/ tax = health care, education and welfare

gift economy

- where goods and services are given without expectation of direct return or payment

Eg. garage sale

spheres of exchange

usually individuals can only trade within different sphere of exchange

- TOOL - know how to run the exchange - analyst the restriction

Domestic mode

- production

- family

producing for family and within the community

- makes just enough for the family

- OWN NEEDS

Tributary mode

- upper heads - production

- governments

- hierarchy

- give portion o higher upper class

Capitalist mode

- produce services for wages and business owned

- goals to make a profit and with profits makes more money

- to earn wages for business

informal economy

- the work and business that happens is outside the official regulated economy

eg. baby sitting

consumption

- how people use and consume goods and resources - identity

Political economy

- how its connected to power structure like governments, social class and global influences

- people of power controlling the economy

Structural violence

- when social structures harm people from meeting their basic needs

- economy or cultural norms

- eg. climate change, racism and stop and fruit

race

social construct not biological reality

- not a biological but political, cultural and historical shaped

one drop rule

- when you have one drop of a race and then you are seen for that race and that race only

systematic racism

how racism is build into and shaped our sociality

redlining

based on race governments, banks and insurance companies deny or restrict access to home loans, mortgages and insurances

biomedical model

western way of looking at medicine

- biological factors and physical traits of desease

phenotype

- physical characteristics

- physical behaviours of someone

Hypodescent

social rules or concepts where a person is classified as belongs to a racial group that is considered as lower status - lower status or less privilege

- cause by dormant racial groups

racial democracy

- believes that everyone is equal no matter the race

gender

she/her - they/them

sex

biological characteristics

sexuality

romantic - bi/ gay

gender ideology

how sociality sees gender roles

patriarchy

means hold primary control

Matrifocal/patrifocal

mother or father in control of household

Matrilineal/patrilineal

mother or father in control of inheritance

Matrilocal/patrilocal

mother or father - side where they decide to live

Heteronormativity

the assumption that liking a home or man is the only normal sexual orientation

Ethnomedicine

traditional medican practices and health care systems

- how different cultures have different practices

ethno-etiology

cultural or explanation of cause of illness

somatic

medical things rooted from the body - experiences, symptoms and conditions

medicalized

to treat someone as if they have a medical problems, even if it might not be

- obesity

homo economies

- most logical thing to do

- no matter the emotional, social pressure brands loyalty or desier

eg. buying a phone