Aerobic cellular respiration notes

where does all aerobic respiration process occur

mitochondria

where does pyruvate processing occur

mitochondria

pyruvate processing generates what

Acetyl coA

in pyruvate processing, what is oxidized and reduced

bottom C on pyruvate is oxidized and NAD+ is reduced to NADH

acetyl coA is important because

it is an energy source and carbon source due to high energy carbons

goal of the citric acid/krebs cycle

harvest energy from oxidizing carbon

first step of citric acid cycle happens when

Acetyl CoA enters

what does Acetyl coA join when entering the citric acid cycle

oxaloacetate.

what does acetyl CoA and oxaloacetate form

citrate

what happens in step 2 of the citric acid cycle?

isomerization as OH group moved to neighboring carbon

citric acid step 3 leads to production of what

CO2

in step 4 of the citric acid cycle what is released again?

CO2

is energy being invested or released in step 4 of krebs

released from carbohydrate and capture by formation of NADH

succinyl CoA changes to what in citric acid cycle step 5

succinate

in step 5, how is the energy released upon oxidizing the carbon after replacing CoA captured?

Phosphorylation of ADP to create ATP

In step 6 of citric acid cycle, succinate turns into what

fumarate

in step 6 of the citric acid cycle, which electron carrier is introduced

FADH2

in citric acid cycle step 6, what happens to carbons and energy?

carbons are oxidized and energy is released from the carbohydrate and recaptured by reducing FAD to FADH2

How is energy usually released in citric acid cycle

carbons are oxidized and high energy molecules formed by reduction

in step 7 of the citric acid cycle, what is added

water

in step 7 of the citric acid cycle, what is reduced and oxidized

top and bottom carbons

in step 8 of the citric acid cycle, malate turns into what

oxaloacetate

in step 8, energy is released from carbohydrate and what is produced

NADH

overall goal of citric acid cycle

release energy from carbohydrate by oxidizing carbon

energy captured by citric acid cycle how

NADH, FADH2, and ATP

mitochondria is enclosed by how many membranes

2

where is the electron transport chain located in the mitochondria

inner membrane

NADH and FADH2 bring electrons where

Electron Transport Chain

What happens in complex 1 of the ETC

NADH is oxidized into NAD+ and it takes that electron to move it across the chain, while pumping hydrogen into intermembrane space

where is redox occurring for complex 1

NADH is being oxidized while complex 1 is reduced (gains that electron)

In complex 2, what happens to FADH2

FADH2 donates its electrons and becomes FAD

FADH2 electrons are not high enough energy to be passed where

complex 1

complex 2 does not do what

pump H+

complex 2 is a white type of membrane protein

peripheral (not integral)

where is the Q molecule

on top of complex 2

Q molecule functions

shuttles electrons from complex 1 and 2 to 3

why can’t complex 2 pump H+

difference in energy level between FADH2 and complex 2 not sufficient

once Q moves electrons to lower energy level, complex 3 harvests this energy to do what

pump H+

cytochrome C shuttles electrons from complex 3 to where

complex 4

as electrons move to lower energy level, complex 4 harvests this energy to do what

pump H+

complex 4 gives the low energy electrons shuttled through to what

to oxygen to make water

function of ETC

create strong H+ gradient

which complexes pump H+ and how

1,3,4 through redox

pumping H+ builds up high concentration of H+ where

in intermembrane space

the intermembrane space is analogous to what structure in photosynthesis?

thylakoid

which has higher potential energy? NADH or FADH2

NADH

Which has more H+ ions being pumped into intermembrane space, NADH or FADH2?

NADH

NADH moves the hydrogen ions in which complexes

1,3, and 4

FADH2 moves the hydrogen ions in which complexes

3 and 4

ATP synthase uses H+ gradient to generate what

ATP

H+ is pushed down its concentration gradient from the intermembrane space through ATP synthase into what

mitochondrial matrix

ATP synthase harvests energy received to do what

phosphorylate ADP and create ATP

DNP causes what

mitochondrial uncoupling

DNP allows H+ to escape intermembrane space without having to pass through what

ATP synthase

whenever DNP is there, what happens to H+ electrochemical gradient?

reduced

whenever DNP is there, what happens to ATP synthase activity?

reduced

whenever DNP is there, what happens to production of ATP

reduced

since heat is a byproduct of DNP, what happens to body temp

increased

if NADH and FADH2 levels decrease which steps of respiration are likely affected

citric acid cycle, electron transport chain, ATP synthase

Which steps of cellular respiration would still happen if starting only with fatty acids from lipids?

ATP synthase, electron transport chain, citric acid cycle

Which molecules would still be formed during cellular respiration if starting only with fatty acids from lipids?

Co2, ATP, NADH