Psych 280 Unit 6 the senses

hearing, balance, and gestation(taste)

sensory neural adaptation

A short-term decrease in sensitivity to a constant stimulus, a type of auditory adaptation

evolutionary adaptation

A long-term genetic change in a species to improve survival and reproduction, a type of auditory adaptation

pinnae

the external part of the year, also called external auditory meatus

pinnae are directional

the trait of the pinnae that aids in localization, and makes it highly mobile

spectral filter

pattern of ridges inside pinnae act as a ______ , emphasizing some frequencies and de-emphasizing others.

middle ear

made up of the tympanum and the ossicles

tympanum

membrane that seals ear canal, vibrating when struck by sound waves from ear canal, converts sound energy into kinetic energy(referred to as eardrum)

ossicles

a series of tiny bones forming articulated chain, connects the vibrating of the tympanum to the inner ear.

malleus, incus and stapes

the 3 tiny bones that make up the ossicles, can be described as the hammer, anvil and stirrup

eustachian tube

this is used to maintain equal air pressure in ear, connects the middle ear to the oral-nasal cavity which allows bacteria to get in

tensor tympani

a small muscle that connects the malleus(ossicle) to the tympanum, a middle ear muscle

stapedius

a muscle that connects the stapes(part of ossicle) to the floor of the middle ear

tensor tympani and stapedius

these two muscles connect at each end of the ossicles to contract and give volume control to respond to sounds,

frequency

on a sine sound wave, the time from peak to peak, in Hz/CPS

amplitude

peak height(loudness) measured in dyn/cm² or db

harmonics

multiples of the fundamental frequency of an emitter

timbre

the unique “signature” sound of an emitter, comprised of the fundamental frequency, overtones and harmonics.

doppler shift

occurs if the emitter is in motion, velocity is added to the rarefaction-compression cycle to change frequency, used by bats

resonance

there is a certain frequency for each space that is the loudest of all frequencies for that specific place. the volume of space that you’re in determines which frequency will be reinforced.

inner ear

the organ that actually neurally encodes the sound elements, known as a transducer

the cochlea

the lobsided croissant that is filled with endolymph and perilymphs, and connects to the ending of the ossicles at the oval window.

action of the stapes

vibrations transmitted from tympanum are communicated to the endolymph via the _____________ against the oval window

round window

the _____ bulges to accommodate pressure when the wavelike movements of the endolymph move through the length of the cochlea

the organ of corti

the most important part of the cochlea for hearing, consisting of the basilar membrane, tectorial membrane and hair cells.

basilar membrane

on the base of the cochlea;one of the membranes that divides the tubes of the cochlea

tectorial membrane

hangs above the organ of corti on the cochlea; another divider of the cells of the tubes of the cochlea

inner hair cells

when stimulated, they release glutamate(excitatory) on to auditory nerve fibers. the base of them is near the basilar membrane, and the tips grace the tectorial membrane.

stereocilia

sensory “antennae” of the ear. They bend with sound, triggering electrical signals. Crucial for turning mechanical sound energy into nerve impulses

3500

how many IHC

12000

how many Outer Hair Cells(OHC)

Outer hair cells

same as stereocilia, but releases Acetylcholine, and is influence by GABA.

amplitude of the travelling wave

for any given frequency, the ___ __ ___ ________ is exaggerated on one point of the basilar membrane

Afferent IHC

leads to brain. carries the info that we perceive as sound. activated by glutamate from the IHC

Efferent IHC

from brain to IHC. Serve a modulatory function by inhibiting the IHC-afferent fibres. Uses Acetylcholine.

Afferent OHC

from OHC to brain, small diameter nerve fibres using ACh, convey activity info of basilar membrain to brain. not involved in concious perception of sound

Efferent OHC

from brain to OHC. using GABA, alters the responsiveness of OHC, tuning

tether

the tip of each stereocilium is connected to its neigbour by this tip link.

pores

when stereocilia bend, the tip links are stretched, popping open the ____ on the tethered stereocilia

instantaneous depolarization

when pores open, it is large and cations rush in to create this:

tuning

the action of the basilar membrane changing its width

neural tuning

when inputs from numerous auditory fibres converge on neuronal systems that filter our the frequency of the received sound.

lateral inhibition

when frequencies that the neurons selectively respond to selectively inhibit their neighbouring frequencies

electromechanical tuning

the voltage dependent tuning of the OHC to change the responsiveness basilar membrane

otoacoustic emissions

the active nature of the cochlea causes it to emit clicks at aroud 20db

evoked OAE

provoked by presented sounds: useful for testing hearing in infants, effects of drugs on hearing, experiments on basic cochlear mechanisms, a type of otaacoustic emissions

spontaneous OAE

unnoticeable otoacoustic emissionsm associated with sensitive hearing, females experience more, along with right ear(left hemisphere) potentially related to language

projections

the sound info that is conveyed to higher brain structures in a complex way, probably due the variety of things that produce sound info

cochlear nuclei

a major centre of projection- in the brainstem, it is the first receiving centre in the brain, it is for low level integratoin, tuning and projections to other areas(projects sounds to high order functions of brain

superior olivary complex

a major centre of projection: brainstem, receives and integrates inputs from both cochlea, basis of binaural(stereo) hearing.

inferior colliculus

a major centre of projection: midbrain, tuning, spatial localization, you can see differences in sound from left and right ear

medical geniculate

a major centre of projection: part of the thalamus, projects to auditory cortex

auditory cortex

superior temporal cortex: primary auditory area

pitch discrimination

the idea that pitch is not the same as frequency, the note A can still be heard as A even if its 1 or 2 Hz off 440 Hz

Place theory

The theory that perceived pitch corresponds to the location on the basilar membrane that is most strongly activated(you perceive pitch along the basilar membrane)

volley theory

the theory that pitch is a function of the rate of firing in auditory fibres. higher frequency = many waves per unit of time, more action potentials and vice versa

volleys

the discharge rates that are directly related to sound frequency which occur only below 1500 Hz

sound localization

this is best done by binarual earring, but can also be done with just one ear if you’re free to move your head

intensity differences

sounds off the midline result in difference in amplitude intake for each ear

head shadow

the head blocks sounds from getting to the more distant ear causing the sound intensity differences worsen

time of arrival

the angle of the sound source is directly related to the difference in arrival time at the two ears

out of phase

term to describe the peaks and troughs of the sound wave(compressions and rarefactions) have to go farther to hit the more distant ear and thus arrive a little later

direction of the pinna

this trait of your “ear meat” discriminates front from back audio

duplex theory

each separate ear’s intensity and arrival time comes together to produce a sound. this is the :

cortical deafness

cortical lesions DO not produce ______, because the auditory cortex is not all-important for hearing basic soudn

cortical areas

areas of the auditory system that are devoted to recognizing important sounds: footsteps, animal calls, vocalizations of familiar versus unfamiliar people

right auditory cortex

the side of the auditory cortex that associates to many music functions

left auditory cortex

planum temporal bigger on this side of the auditory cortex due to this side having speech specialization

conduction

the often type of deafness, a problem with the ossicles

sensorineural

most often cochlear deafness, hair cells blown over like a bunch of tiny trees, can be caused by loud soudns, certain drugs(aspiring and streptomycin)

central deafness

a type of deafness arising from brain damage

vestibular system

the mechanism for detecting changes in head position(acceleration and motion sickness)

semicircular canals

the 3 components of the vestibular system, each in a different plane. fluid filled, circulates from motion of head,

ampulla

the base of the semicircular canals, hair cells translate this movement into neural signals inside this thing

otolotihs

overlying the hair cells, and amplify the effect on the hair cells. translate to “ear stones”, made of gelatin

papillae

the bumps on your tongue

fungiform papillae

mushroom-shaped, usually one taste bud each, has multiple sensory cells per taste bud

foliate papillae

leaf/paged shape papillae on side of the tongue, has multiple taste buds per one

circumvallate papillae

big suckers at the back of the tongue, contain multiple

umami

savoury, soy, beef, gravey type taste.

olfactory

what trait, in contrary to common belief, controls your sense of taste, and diminishes it when you have a cold

salt

identify the taste: simple ion pores admit sodium ions, and are captured by a specific recepter.

sour

identify the taste: derived from acids, which release hydronium ions that block potassium channels on the tastebud cells

TRPV1

identify the taste receptor: for salty food taste, secondary salt sense

bitter

identify the taste: metabotropic-like receptor, signals poison,

T2R

identify the taste receptor: bitter taste receptor

sweet

identify the taste: a metabotropic receptor, liberating a 2nd messenger.

T1R family

identify the taste receptor family: the receptors in charge of sweet/umami taste

T1R1

both sweet and umami are received by T1R3, but which one is UMAMI only received by?

T1R3

both sweet and umami are received by T1R3, but which one is SWEET only received by?

umami

identify the taste: gluatamate receptor.

olfactory epithelium

the main sensory apparatus, forming the lining of the nasal cavity,

support, basal, and olfactory receptor cells

THE 3 major cell types in the olfactory system

olfactory dendrites

the ______ ______ are studded with chemical receptors, and appear to be metabotropic-like receptors linked to a second messenger(like gpcr)

regeneration

to adapt to chemical attacks, viruses etc. olfactory cells are constantly being replaced by converting basal cells to neurons

vomeronasal organ

the second olfactory system in humans/mammals that contains biologically important stuff like pheromones and pseudogenes(V1R’s , V2R’s , and TRP2)