APUSH period 1-period 5 key terms

Columbian Exchange (1492-1500's)

Columbian Exchange (1492-1500's)

Triangle trade between Africa, America, and Europe. Exchange of ideas, techniques, crops(maize, potatoes, squash), animals(Lecota's gain horse), slaves and disease.

Spain in New World

Settle in Central America, Mexico, and Southwest parts of modern U.S. Gained land using encomienda system. Took control of land and Native Americans had to pay tribute for living on the land in form of food or animals or labor on sugar plantations and mines. They also were supposed to convert Natives to Catholicism and educate them (although there was much abuse of this system)

French in New World

Settled in Canada and Mississippi River Valley. Assimilated into Native American culture by trading furs among the Natives and marrying into the tribes. These men were called "coureurs de bois". Many formed an alliance with Algonquin and learned the Native American language of the community in which they assimilated. Those who learned the language had success as Jesuit missionaries among the Huron people converting them to Christianity.

English in the New World

At first, most immigrants were outcasts, wanting to start a new life free from the poverty and overpopulation they left in England. They settled on the East Coast. England later encouraged further immigration via the Headright System. Colonists already living in Virginia received 100 acres, and for each person who paid their own passage, they gained 50 acres of land. Wealthy individuals would pay the passages of poorer immigrants and accumulate their headrights. These immigrants became indentured servants, contracted to work for a certain amount of time to pay off their debt.

Jamestown

1607, first permanent, English settlement.

Joint-stock company " .

Tobacco supported the colony economically

Later becomes a royal company when the King takes control of Virginia in 1624, in an effort to prevent their dissolution as a result of war with the natives

Roanoke

English colony of 1587. Disappeared

John Rolphe

Tobacco planter who married Pocahontas, daughter of Chief Powhatan, bringing peace

John Smith

Founder of Jamestown. Documented and created maps of the Chesapeake Bay. Also taught settlers how to farm and work.

"tobacco gold"

Tobacco was the source of economic profit in Jamestown and the Chesapeake colonies

Triangular Trade

Europe trades manufactured good for slaves in Africa, boats bring slaves to America, and America gives raw goods to Europe

Mercantilism

The mother country of a colony had the right to regulate with whom trade would occur, generally limiting trade of their colonies to themselves, and the colony would give cheaper and even free rates while the mother country would accumulate bullion

Puritans

English settlers who had wanted to "purify" the Church (settle in Plymouth)

Separatists

English settlers who wanted to separate from the Church (settle in Plymouth)

Pilgrims

Settlers escaping religious persecution, many settled in New England.

Mayflower Compact (1620)

Pilgrims combine with civil body who had been granted land in Plymouth

Democratic(somewhat)

Middle Passage

Travel of captured Africans to America via large overcrowded and unsanitary boats

Plymouth

location in modern-day Massachusetts where Pilgrims migrated

New England

Northern colonies (Plymouth/Massachusetts Bay Colony)

Escaping religious persecution

"city on a hill" beacon of righteousness

Squanto and pilgrims, better relationship

Cleaner water and cooler weather

Middle and Southern colonies

Jamestown/Chesapeake

Joint-stock

Diversity

House of Burgesses 1619

gold and then tobacco

becomes royal(King wants benefits of tobacco) and then proprietary later

disagreements with Powhatans

Baltimore haven for Catholics

bad climate, marshes

1619 first slaves

1619

First slaves imported to Jamestown and House of Burgesses(first Democracy)

Colonial Economies of English

NE: small farms, ship building, whaling, trade

Middle: farming wheat, corn, breadbasket, diverse(Jewish, Catholic, Germans, Sweds)

Southern: slavery, cash crops(sugar, tobacco, later cotton)

Enlightenment

European intellectual movement between 17th and 18th centuries (1600-1700's) pushing for reason and individualism rather than tradition

Famous: Locke, Hobbes, Kant, Voltaire, Rousseau

John Locke

Enlightened philosopher. Social Contract and tabula rasa, as well as Natural Rights

Rights to life, liberty, and property(Jefferson changes this to pursuit of happiness)

Social Contract

Believes that if a tyrannical king is in power, the people have the right start a revolution (from John Locke)

Justification in Dec. of Independence

Ben Franklin

innovator and known for American Enlightenment

Lightning rod, stove, and other inventions

Founded New England Courant (satire of political and religious leaders)

Created the" join or die" poster

French and Indian War / 7 Years' War (1754-1763)

War between French and English ended by Treaty of Paris 1763

Disagreement about territorial claims, both wanted Ohio River Valley

Pontiac's Rebellion 1763

Ottawa Chief Pontiac leads Native Americans dissatisfied with British colonies post-French and Indian war wanting to regain Ohio River Valley

Bacon's Rebellion 1676

Upset by Native Americans and taxes, decides to attack innocent Native Americans. Governor won't let him do it, but Bacon continues

Albany Plan

Ben Franklin's idea

Form grand council of various colonies to oversee defense, expansion and Indian diplomacy

Taxes

Stamp Act (1765): first time Parliament taxed to raise revenue rather than regulate trade

Townshend Act (1767): Tax on glass, lead, paint, paper and tea, everyday necessities

Declaratory Act (1766): Lessened Stamp Act, but kept certain taxes just to show their power

Great Awakening

Widespread evangelical religious revival movement of 1750's. Weakened congregation and authority

Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield were popular

Called "New Lights" and "Itinerant Preachers"

"No Taxation Without Representation"

Slogan of American colonies upset by taxation without being represented in British parliament. British said they were virtually represented

Boston Massacre (March 5, 1770)

Americans throw stones and sticks at British soldiers and soldiers kill colonists

Boston Tea Party (Dec. 16, 1773)

Men dressed as Mohawk Indians and pitched chests of tea in water as act of rebellion

Continental Congress

1774-1789 served as government

Declared independence later ratified Articles of Confederation

Lexington and Concord (1775)

First confrontation of Revolutionary War

British to destroy rebel weaponry

"Shot Heard Round the World"

Common Sense

written by Thomas Paine

Opposed monarchy and called for defense of republican principles talking about Locke's Social Contract

Written in common terms to reach public

Thomas Jefferson

Credited for writing the Declaration of Independence and the U.S. Constitution

Also the third president and prominent Democratic-Republican

Declaration of Independence (1776)

based no Enlightenment principles of John Locke

Declared colonies independent

Revolutionary War Causes

taxes following French and Indian war

Lack of representation

Proclamation of 1763 prevented them from settling further West

Great Awakening

Upset by British quartering

Revolutionary War Key Battles

Lexington & Concord - first battle

Bunker Hill - moral victory

Saratoga - gain French support

Yorktown - Cornwallis cornered

Revolutionary War Results

Articles of Confederation

Independence from British

Lack of tariff to protect economy

Patriots

Colonists supporting independence

Loyalists

colonists loyal to Britain

Treaty of Paris (1783)

Ends Revolutionary War

New boundaries

Wouldn't persecute loyalists

British agreed to get out (takes a longer time before that actually happens - War of 1812)

Articles of Confederation

unstable and lack of central government

Best was Northwest Land Ordinance to help establish new states with education and no slavery

Shay's Rebellion (1786)

Upset by Articles of Confederation not taking care of their farms and putting them in prison out of debt

Couldn't pay debt in hard currency

James Madison

composed Virginia Plan