ANs 230 E2 material Lecture11-16 proteins

Metabolic acidosis

If a cow owner increases the grain percentage in the feed, his cows will more likely be having:

cellulose

Which of the following dietary component has the slowest rate of digestion in the rumen:

ketone

In prolonged fasting, brain uses which of the following as energy source?

increase in propionate

feeding starch to ruminants typically results in

4\.5

Which of the PH value provided below is possibly representing a clinical rumen acidosis condition?

\n -More time spend eating

\-Prolonged digesta flow

\-Continuous gluconeogenesis

Which of the following factor helps ruminants keep glucose homeostasis?

propionate

In ruminants, this gluconeogenic compound serves as the main source of glucose:

microbes

Ruminants get metabolizable protein mainly through:

add buffers in feed

Which of the following is one of the possible preventions for rumen acidosis?

Chylomicrons

Which of the following lipoprotein has the highest lipid to protein ratio?

peptide bond

When a carboxyl group of one molecule reacts with the amino group of another molecule it forms a:

amphoteric

When molecules can react both as an acid and base they are

chylomicrons

Fatty acids, other lipids and cholesterol are absorbed across the brush border of the small intestine, resynthesized into triglycerides and repackaged as:

\-acetone

\-acetoacetate

\-beta hydroxybutyrate

Examples of ketones are

bile salts

The "right conditions" for pancreatic lipase to be highly efficient include:

micelles

During the process of lipid breakdown these molecules enable lipid digestion products to be transported to the epithelium for absorption into the small intestine:

biohydrogenation

Rumen microbes have a low tolerance for dietary unsaturated fatty acids which they convert to more saturated forms. This process is called:

cholesterol

This molecule plays a major role in cell membrane fluidity:

\n linolenic

example of omega 3 fatty acid

cholesterol

The parent compound of most sterols is:

sphingolipids

Which lipid is a poor conductor and critical part of the nervous system?

removal of amino group from amino acid creates ammonia and organic acid

\-ammonia is toxic and must be converted to urea (only ruminants can ingest)

Deamination

proteins are broke into amino acids by hydrolysis of their peptide bonds

Protein Catabolism

lipoproteins

These lipids are critical for transporting hydrophobic molecules in the body

lysine and leucine

only Ketogenic AA

Hydrolysis

What results in the breakdown of triglycerides into free fatty acids and monoacylglycerol?

Exocytosis

What is the process by which chylomicrons are transported into the lymphatic system?

amphipathic

Bile acids are?

triglycerides

The predominant form in which lipids are found in the body is:

Chylomicrons

Lipids are transported from the intestines into the bloodstream primarily as

A

Which of the following is a ketone body?

a. Acetoacetic acid

b. Pyruvic acid

c. Acetyl CoA

d. Propionic acid

F

Lipids are directly absorbed across the gut epithelium similar to amino acids and glucose T/F

an amino acid

this structure describes?

secondary protein structure

The chemical interactions between side groups causing folding of the alpha helix is an example of

Fibrins

These proteins have little nutritional value unless highly processed.

Flavoproteins

Heterocyclic compounds that transport hydrogen down the electron transport chain

Taurine

Which of the following compound is not an amino acid but essential for cats?

deamination

Digestion of protein results in the removal of amino groups by the process known as?

urea

A good source of dietary non-protein nitrogen (NPN) is:

Ammonia

What is a common intermediary formed during the breakdown of protein and is toxic to animals?

microbes can utilize it

Ruminants can handle higher levels of ammonia bc?

Amino acid composition and digestibility

Protein quality refers primarily to?

\-short shelf life

\-need lipids for absorption

\-sensitive to heat

What is a common characteristic among Vitamins A, D, E and K?

\-Vitamin B 1, B2, and B6

When formulating diets for ruminants which of the following vitamin is typically not included in the diet?

Vitamin B12

This vitamin is synthesized by microbes and has a requirement for cobalt

Vitamin D

What has a profound influence on calcium and phosphorus metabolism?

\-is referred to as ash

\-makes up small % (1-3%) of total diet

\-cannot be synthesized or decomposed

The inorganic component of the diet

Hyponatremia

During vigorous exercise, the body can lose excess NaCl which is a condition referred to as?

camels

Which of the following animal might be best adapted for dealing with water shortage?

Cr (chromium)

This mineral is part of the glucose tolerance factor molecule and required for normal glucose entry into cells

zinc

Horses grazing grass pasture fed a supplement high in this mineral can see a decrease in calcium absorption

calcium absorption

zinc affects

calcitonin

What inhibits the activation of Vitamin D?

T

Increasing the amount of minerals in the diet can reduce the amount that is absorbed T/F

water in feeds

There are many sources of water for animals. This source of water in particular can be highly variable in terms of meeting water intake requirements of animals.

C

Which of the following feedstuffs has the greatest amount of water content?

a. hay

b. silage

c. lush fresh grass

d. whole corn

fats

Oxidation of which of the following nutrient results in greatest amount of metabolic water?

F

At any given temperature water consumption of a dairy cow is negatively correlated with milk production T/F

F

The largest source of body water loss is feces. T/F

Hydremia

What is a condition of water intoxication seen commonly in puppies and exhibits symptoms similar to lack of Na, anorexia and lethargy.

\-it involves transfer of electrons

\-glucose is oxidized

\-O2 is reduced to H20

Why is the process of cellular respiration a redox reaction?

1000

One cell, on an average, can have _____mitochondria producing ATP molecules

acetyl CoA

The most basic compound in the overall process of cellular respiration and at the crossroads of ALL metabolism is?

C

the second law of thermodynamics states that?

a. energy can nether be created nor destroyed

b. energy transformation is 100% efficient

c. inefficiencies in transformation of energy are lost as heat

T

Estimating GE of feeds alone is of little value in determining energy use of that feed for any specific animal. T/F

T

One can estimate the amount of heat produced in chemical reactions by measuring O2 and CO2 T/F

digestible energy

Subtracting fecal energy from feed energy will give us an estimate of

metabolizable energy

Subtracting energy in urine and gas from digestible energy will give us an estimate of

\-energy lost as heat during fermentation

\-energy lost as heat during nutrient metabolism

In order to get an estimate of the NE content of a feed we need to know?

hay

which of the following feed will have lowest energy value?

T

When calculating maintenance energy it is assumed that all feed energy must be converted to heat T/F

\-heat increment

\-specific dynamic acti0on

\-dietary thermogeneis

What represents the inefficiency of energy use?

lipogenic

acetate and butyrate are

gluconeogenic

propionate is

\-rapid fermentation

\-SCFA and lactic acid production

\-decrease in rumen PH

\-rumen acidosis

\-disruption in ruminal function

High starch diets in rumen SCFA profile

subclinical - ph 5.5 (decreased intake, gain, FE)

clinical- pH less than 5.0 (-increased lactic acid, metabolic acidosis, damage to papillae, microbial death and release of endotoxins)

pH and rumen acidosis

\-parakeratosis

\-liver absccesses

\-laminitis

Rumen acidosis problems

\-buffers in feed or ionophores

\-reduce grain in feed

rumen acidosis prevetion

\-more time spent eating and ruminating

\-prolonged digesta flow

\-steady VFA production

\-continuous gluconeogenesis

glucose homeostasis in rumens have reduced fluctuation bc

glucose

What dont we typically feed ruminants to meet energy requirements

1\.) propionate

2\.) amino acids

3\.) lactic acid

4\.) glycerol

source of glucose precursors in ruminants

amphipathic

phospholipids, glycolipids, and sphingolipids are all

acetate which is used to make chemical energy

CHO,Fat,AA metabolism produce?

D

Which of the following can be found in a dipeptide

\
\\n

a. Basic amino group  (-NH2)

b Peptide bond

c. Acidic carboxyl group (-COOH)

d. All of the above

\\n

secondary structure

Alpha-helix is a key ____ of natural proteins:

20^300

Within natural living organisms, how many possible combination does a 300 AA middle-size protein have?

dipolar ions

In aqueous solution, amino acids exist as:

D

How do animals dispose excess amino acids?

a. Oxidation

b. Ureagenesis

c. Gluconeogenesis

d. All of the above

most small intestine metabolize proteins are from microbial proteins

Regarding ruminants protein digestion what is true?

urea

In terrestrial vertebrates, nitrogen gets excreted as:

A

Which of the following is NOT true about "limiting AA"?

\
\
a. It's usually a dispensable AA

b. It prevents protein synthesis beyond the rate at which only that amino acid is available

c. Lysine and Methionine are "limiting AA" in poultry

d. It can not be sythesized in the body

the side chain R group

Amino acids in living organisms differ from each at

\-pollution

\-digestive issues

\-hepatic abnormalities

\

Dietary protein is important for animals. However, an excessive protein supply in animal feed might result in:

cellulase

Microbes can help ruminants digest forage because they have:

a. Amino acid nitrogen

b. Non-protein nitrogen (NPN)

c. Ammonia nitrogen

d. All of the above

Crude protein can consist of:

H2N

example of amino group

COOH

group that is consider acidic

zwitter ions

In aqueous solutions amino acids exist as dipolar ions also known as

T

limiting amino acid is an essential amino acid that is available in the lowest concentration in relation to the body’s needs. T/F

C

Which of the following is not true about amino acids?

a. They synthesize glucose

b. They can be converted to fat

c. They are comprised of only three elements – carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

d. They are energy yielding.