Geog 80 Midterm

Map

Map

form of techné;

graphic representations that facilitate spatial understanding of things, concepts, conditions, processes, or events in the human world; shows where things are located in relation to one another

Mapping

act of plotting points in relation to one another; we choose to include what is important to us and exclude; millennia of measuring and representing Earth's surface; map locations, directions, and distances; mapped known positions and known paths of travel in a direction for a distance from A to B to Q

Geographic scale

scale at which a geographer analyzes a particular phenomenon; example: global, national, census tract, neighborhood, etc; gnerally, the finer the scale of analysis, the richer the level of detail in findings.

Known-world reality

ecumene; our understanding of world as we place ourselves in it; differs between ppl, cultures; ex. mandalas are maps because they are mapping the sacred place as the way people understand it as their known world reality; human languages for naming, differentiating, string, structures, intraculturally a persons understanding of their place in the world

Material Cartography

processes and objects that realize or externalize internal experience; record, objects; paintings, rock art, displayed maps; spatial data presented graphically in the form of maps, atlases, globes, and three-dimensional maps and terrain models; see table 1 for examples

Performance cartography

processes and objects that realize or externalize internal experience; performance, processes; performances and processes, nonmaterial and ephemeral such as gesture, ritual, song, poem, dance, speech or material and ephemeral such as model, sketch

Cognitive cartography

internal; inner experience; thought, images; encompasses application of cognitive theories and methods to understanding maps and mapping and the application of maps to understanding cognition; study of cognition is the study of knowledge structures and processes in sentient beings -the way a map is designed will influence the views of the world it stimulates or inhibits.

Spatial

refers to human-created and human-defined locations and places that consist of very specific qualities and constraints; include specifics about the physical infrastructure of a location, as well as can-do and can’t-do behaviors and can-say and can’t-say language; can refer to the study of any types of features, be it outer space, the world, the spatial layout of the human body, the spatial layout of a room

Intra-Cultural spatial reference systems

within a culture; deals with a person’s known world reality and their ecumene; ex: for locations, orientation, or directions for movement and exploration

Techné and language

- human languages for [geo-]spatial communication:Words, songs, dance
- committable geo-spatialities

place

security; fixed location or thing/area; ex. McCone Hall

location

place or position represented as a point; ex. an infant sitting on the floor, not moving is their location

direction

moving in a certain orientation or towards something; moving for a distance and interchange with their known world reality; ex. child moving on the ground in a participation direction

distance

length of a path between two points

movement

an act of changing physical location or position or of having this changed.

toponymy

- the study of place names
- for mapping the topgraphy
- Naming cities and neighborhoods, naming riversand mountains, naming parks and schools, and on and on
- sig: techno of human language to describe places that have meaning to us. essential for empirical mapping

matting, Meddo, and Rebbelib: Marshallese Islands navigational charts

Marshall Islanders used a complex form of navigation with charts made from coconut midribs and seashells. The charts consisted of curved and straight sticks. The curved sticks represented ocean swells and the straight sticks represented the currents and waves around the islands.

Maps and inclusion/ exclusion of what is mapped

- we only map what is meaningful, never what is meaningless
- Tibetan place names missing in Google Maps
- the most important aspect of the map is what is not mapped

Home lands

homeland is fundamentally a human-land concept that is rooted in cultural ecology. It embraces a people's deep emotional attachment to a place that they call home. A homeland quite simply is just that: a land that a group of people love to the degree that they call it home.

Home waters

territorial waters

Landmarks

- a prominent feature of a landscape that helps us situate where we are: to Locate ourselves

Skymarks

an object appearing against the background of the sky
- constellations: The Ojibwa (Chippewa) Native Americans call this constellation Kabibona'kan, the Winter Maker, as its presence in the night sky heralds winter.• To the Lakota Native Americans, Tayamnicankhu(Orion's Belt) is the spine of a bison

So-called "primitive" maps; see Maps are territories exhibit 4

maps made like Dhulan crocodile map from Australia not interpreted as maps because they are not of the 'typical form'

Power and capitalism mapping

rise of globalizing patriarchy during Europe's so-called Renaissance, which also becomes a radical transformation in the disempowerment of women;
- The function of Mercator's map was a tool for European Christian men and monarchs to be and to act as a manifestation of the Christian God seeking perfect dominion over the Earth
- power in mapping: colonizer hegemonies and their rationalizing of spatial ordering, capitalist hegenomoes and their rationing for spatial ordering, and emancipatory for spatial re ordering (empowerment mapping)

Maps and inclusion/exclusion of what is mapped Spatial Reference systems

definition from sciences:
definition from ecumenism perspective:

Techné

- Crafting, art, skill, method, practice, creativity - and thus invention and innovation
- on. All technéare culturally and historically embedded, ecumenically and cosmographically sacred and meaningful.
- techné relates to Geo-spatial technologies and geo spatial tools
- mercator world map

Technology

Knowledge of Techné

Technique

Practice of/method of techné

mattang chart

an abstract chart used for instruction and forteaching principles of reading how islands disrupt swells. This is akinto the Mercator: Not used for navigation, but for teaching aboutstraight lines as constant compass bearing.

Topo

Refers to a place, location, area, etc.

Mapped

cognitive and language characterizations of point, line and area features, stories to describe/ characterize

exploration mappings

• Exploration → Navigation; Exploration becomes navigation when ppl know where they are, where they are going, where they have come from, and how to return; as people know their homelands

• Situate, orient, locate for direction, distance, movement

• recall: infant exploring world

• Fuller Projection: the map where it shows that humans started in Africa and how they traveled across the world)

Triangulation

3 angles; basic building block of geospatial topology; using of triangles to survey land
Surveying: A graphical explanation of how to use a plane table and chains to undertake atraverse in order to map the bends of a river. This is what modern-empirical mapping now does

Cartesian Grid

- first example is what is not seen o the ladnauge in New York City Wall Street (foreshadowed a grid)
- A spherical grid that gives latitude and longitude

Reference Globe

is a scaled down version of the Earth
- unishpere at worlds fair in Queens New York

Projections and Distortions

distorts shape, area, distance, or direction of geographic features on a map

Azimuthal

projection surface; flat surface touching the reference globe at one location; a map projection in which a region of the earth is projected onto a plane tangential to the surface, typically at a pole or the equator; ex United Nations logo

Borders

Lines that contain the concept of a nation state

Precision Topology

Accuracy of (x,y) locations and of geospatial proximity, angles, directions, and distances of feature locations to an from each other

Mercator

Projection used for navigation or maps of equatorial regions; Gerardus Mercator’s world map; euro-centric map; power and control, claims universality

Conformal Map Projection

Preserves the angles on the map so shapes are accurate; preserves angles and thus shapes and directions; useful for navigation

Meridians

lines of longitude

Parallels

lines of latitude

Indexical

statements that are dependent for their truth on their context

Critical mapping

calls things into question; examines nature of maps through knowledge and power: What we know (and don't know / aren't aware of) is mediated by power relations; examines maps and power by situating them historically as "not-inevitable stories; ex. Mercator's map didn't just pop up out of nowhere; recognizes that maps consist of culturally learned knowledge

topography

- Visual description / characterization of a place
- ex. topographic maps that describe/ characterize features on the surface of the Earth: elevations, rolling hills
- sig: every feature that we put on a map is now in a topographic spatial relationship

topophilia

love of place; love of one's home and home-land; sig: love of the meanings of the kinds of features our home areas consist of and which matter; meaningful lines and paths and routes and linear features

Ecumene

a people's known word reality

[geo-]spatiality

collecting data about things/features in geospatial reality; -what one has experienced and can remember; A to B movement (direction)

geospatial

an object or feature of a landscape or town that is easily seen and recognized from a distance, especially one that enables someone to establish their location; concatenation of 'geography' and 'spatial;'‘ addition of 'geo' is to indicate that focus is on features relating to Earth

[geo-]spatialities

Spatial Reference System (SRS)

a people’s know world reality, way of situating and orienting for navigation, languages, claim to be non-indexical/universal; framework used to measure locations on the surface of the Earth using coordinates (lat, long)

Space

human-created, human-defined, and human-structured locations; places where humans interact with each other

Non-indexical

statements are statements that claim to be universally true

Techné and mapping

geospatial technologies, language, practices

Empirical

– Originating in or based on observation or experience; relying on experience or observation

Trilateration

3 laterals/lines; basic building block of geospatial topology

Traverse

measure a straight line on a compass angles and the build/measures angles off of this line

Map Projections

central to modern-empirical mapping, treat Earth as a sphere/spheroid/ellipsoid/geoid, Earth reduced in consistent scale to reference globe

Equal-Area

preserve sizes of areas, accurate in scaled sizing and in proportion to each other, shapes/angles/directions distorted

Equidistant

preserve straight-line distances

Normal Aspect

map projection surface; reference globe oriented with north and south poles at top and bottom

Transverse Aspect

map projection surface; rotate reference globe 90 degrees in any direction

Oblique Aspect

map projection surface;rotate reference globe any amount of degrees except 90

Line of Tangency

line of latitude or longitude used to make projection?

Cylindrical

cylinder-shaped flat projection surface

Conic

cone-shapes flat projection surface

Maps and power/hegemony

leadership or dominance, especially by one state or social group over another; three kinds: Colonizer Hegemonies, Capitalistic Hegemonies, Emancipatory powers and empowerments

Colonizer Hegemonies

colonizer mappings like Mercator map

Capitalistic Hegemonies

capitalistic mappings for commodity extraction, theft and for the cheapening of other peoples and lands (slavery/enslavement)

Emancipatory powers and empowerments

liberatory/resistant/justice/dissent; in service to spatial reordering: Empowerment mappings/ critical/ counter mappings

Home-skies

 Watermarks

identifying markers found in water; help people orient themselves/understand where they are

Power and colonizer mapping

Empirical mapping

maps originating in or based on observation or experience; relying on experience or observation; not just eyes, but all senses; ex. in-class mental map; historical mapping and modern empirical mapping

Historical/all-cultures empirical mapping

storying people’s mapped meanings; naming, differentiating, gathering info to make INTRA-cultural mapped meanings

Modern-empirical/empiricist mapping

• historically situated in high precision euro-american science, mathematics, geometry; 

  • Singular: claims of universality

  • Plural: when looking at multiple examples

Ecumenes mapping

people’s known-world reality, all human cultures, civilizations, histories; INTRA-cultural language to communicate about known-world meanings

Emancipatory mapping

Empowerment mappings; counter mapping, resistance mapping; Challenges map author’s claims of authority, authoritative-ness, and how empirical mapping can at times be authoritarian; Assert what we exclude on maps 

Expository mapping

thematic mapping, empirical for the data we gather (?), carto-graphics, rhetorical strategies

Inter-Cultural spatial reference systems

between cultures