communication, directing attention, and spatial cognition

cochlea: formed by a ____, ____ filled tube, ____ cells present

spiraling, fluid, hair

sound waves enter ____ ear, vibrates ____ which moves the _____, they vibrate a membrane on the ____ which moves ____ inside cochlea, causes _____ cells to move, which causes a neural signal to be sent via the cochlear division of CN ____

external, ear drum, ossicles, cochlea, fluid, hair, VIII

auditory info from the ______ → _____ to the _______ → then _____ in the _____ → _____ cortex

cochlea, bilaterally, cochlear nuclei, relay nuclei, thalamus, auditory

_____ projection is important for localization of sound

bilateral

temporoparietal association area: specialized for understanding ______, directing _____, and comprehending ____ and our relationship to it

communicaction, attention, space

hemisphere responsible for understanding and producing language

left

hemisphere that processes information in a linear sequence

left

left hemisphere in most adults: following _____ or _____ arithmetic problems

conversation, solving

hemisphere responsible for understanding and producing nonverbal communication

right

hemisphere responsible for understanding space, navigation through space

right

hemisphere that processes visual patterns like facial recognition

right

hemisphere that processes information in a holistic, pictorial manner

right

how we say words

speech

words we use and how we use them to share ideas and get what we want

language

speech includes _____, _____ and _____

articulation, voice, fluency

language includes ____ of words, how to put words _____, what we should say at _____ times

meaning, together, different

Wernicke’s area is responsible for language _____

comprehension

retrieving, processing, and comprehending the meaning of words

language comprehension

wernickes area location = ______

left temporoparietal junction

allows us to understand symbols in spoken, written, and signed language

language comprehension - wernickes area

brocas area provides arrangement of ____ and _____ to create well formed sentences

words, phrases

provides instruction for language output

brocas area

broca’s are

• selecting correct words for _____ and _____

• planning ____ to create speech

meaning, grammar, movement

broca’s area location: ______

left inferior frontal gyrus

wernickes area and broca’s area are connected by _____ fibers called ______

long association, superior longitudinal fasciculus

two areas that contribute to language

wenickes and broca’s

reading requires

• intact ______

• _____ visual areas for ____ recognition of written _____

• connections with intact ____ area for Interpreting ____

vision, secondary, visual, symbols, wernickes, symbols

writing requires

• _____ of the hand

• connection with ____ to provide meaningful words

• connections with _____ to provide ____ relationship among words

motor control, wernickes, broca;s, gramatical

flow of information during conversation, from hearing speech to replying

communication

communication

1: _____ cortex for _____ discrimination

2: _____ cortex for _____ of sounds

3: _____ area for _____ comprehension and ____ retrieval

4: _____ connections to link ____ and _____

5: _____ area for understanding _____, instructions for ____ output

6: oral and throat region of ____ cortex for cortical output to ____ muscles

primary auditory, auditory, secondary, classification, wernickes, auditory, word, subcortical, wernickes, brocas, broca’s, syntax, language, motor, speech

disorder where difficulty saying sounds, stuttering when speak, or voice problems

speech disorder

disorder where having trouble understanding what others say

receptive language disorder

disorder where having problems sharing thoughts, idea, and feelings

expressive language disorder

can have disorders of _____, _____ or _____

speech, language, both

4 common types of aphasia

wernickes, brocas, conduction, global

full loss of language

aphasia

partial loss of language

dysphasia

language disorder affecting comprehension of written language

alexia

language disorder affecting the ability to write

agraphia

disorder of speech (motor speech disorder)

dysarthria

damage to inferior frontal gyrus on the left side causes _____

broca’s aphasia

damages to broca’s area causes difficulty to express oneself using _____

• may not produce any ____ output, may only be able to generate ____ phrases

• usually are aware of _____ and are _____

language, language, habitual, difficulties, frustrated

broca’s aphasia doesnt affect ability to _____ language or control the _____ used for other purposes

understand, muscles

damage to temporoparietal junction/superior temporal gyrus on left side causes _____

wernickes aphasia

with wernickes aphasia

• language ____ is impaired

• easily produce ____, but output doesn’t _____

• dont _____ errors they are making

comprehension, spoken sounds, make sense, recognize

use of unintended words or phrases

paraphasia

paraphasia is a symptom of ____ aphasia

wernickes

damage to superior longitudinal fasciculus in the language dominant hemisphere left causes _____

conduction aphasia

in the most severe form of conduction aphasia, _____ and _____ are meaningless

speech, writing

in mild cases of conduction aphasia, only _____ occurs

substitution paraphasia

most severe form of aphasia

global aphasia

global aphasia: inability to use ____ in any form; cannot produce understandable _____, comprehend spoken ____, speak ____, ____ or _____

language, speech, language, fluently, read, write

global aphasia is usually secondary to a large lesion damaging most of the _____

lateral left cerebrum

____ areas to broca’s and wernickes contribute to nonverbal communication

contralateral

provides instruction for producing nonverbal communication, including emotional gestures and intonation of speech

right inferior frontal gyrus

interprets nonverbal signs from other people

right temporoparietal junction

lesion of right temporoparietal junction can cause difficulty understanding nonverbal communication like ______, ____ and _____ intonation

facial expression, gestures, vocal

lesion to right inferior frontal gyrus may cause person to speak ____, cant communicate ______, lack _____ facial expression and ___

monotone, nonverbally, emotional, gestures

right hemisphere parietal association cortex comprehends _____ relationships, providing schemas of the _____, _____ and _____ in relation to its _____

spatial, body, external world, body, surroundings

the right temporoparietal association area determines behavioral importance of ____and decides ______

stimuli, focus of attention

tendency to behave as if one side of the body and/or one side of space does not exist

neglect

neglect can be ____ or ____ or both

personal, spatial

Neglect - person is _____ of body part or space

unaware

neglect usually affects ____ side of the body and space

left

results from failure to direct attention

personal neglect

aspects of personal neglect include ____ lack of

• awareness of ____ stimuli

• personal ____ and _____

• movement of _____

unilateral, sensory, hygiene, grooming, limbs

form of denial that occurs in some people with severe hemiparesis and personal neglect

anosognosia

anosognosia - person ____ of neurological deficits

unaware

anosognosia lesion often in _____

right anterior insula

lack of understanding of spatial relationships

spatial neglect

3 manifestations of spatial neglect

navigation, construction ,dressing

spatial neglect - navigation: difficulty finding their way within a _____

room

spatial neglect - construction: difficulty ____, ____, _____ objects

drawing, building, assembling

spatial neglect - dressing: difficulty due to an inability to correctly orient _____ to the _____

clothing, body

spatial neglect often happens on ____ side of the body because the _____ parietal association area is damaged

left, right

persistent ____ is a predictor of increased requirements for assistance

neglect

frontal lobes: control _____ function, _____ of activity, planning of _____ communication, _____ behavior, judgement, interpretation of _____, _____, flexibility in _____ solving, _____ behavior and _____

motor, initiation, nonverbal, goal-oriented, emotion, attention, problem, social, motivation

parietal lobes: process _____, direct _____, and provided perceptual schemas that relate the parts of the ____, the ____, and the _____ retaliative to the _____

somatosensation, attention, body, world, body, world

occipital lobes: process _____, including _____ relationships of visual ____, analyze ____ and _____, and control visual _____

vision, spatial, objects, motion, color, fixation

temporal lobes: process _____ info, classify ____, process ____ and _____

auditory, sounds, emotion, memory