BIO 140 - Chapter One Flashcards

anatomy

the study of the structure of the body; how it functions

medial

toward midsagittal plane

lateral

away from midsagitptal plane

physiology

the study of dynamic processes in the living body

proximal

closer to the point of origin/attachment

distal

farther from point of origin/attachment

macroscopic

visible to naked eye

superficial

closer to body surface

deep

farther from body surface

microscopic

only visible with microscope

sagittal

extends vertically and divides the body/organ into right/left portions

midsagittal

passes through midline of the body and divides into equal left/right portions

homeostasis

ability to maintain internal stability; ex: blood pressure

frontal

extends vertically but is perpendicular to sagittal plane and divides body into anterior (front) and posterior (back)

negative feedback

process where the body senses change and activates mechanisms to reverse it, maintain dynamic equilibrium

transverse

passes across the body/organ perpendicular to long axis, divides body/organ into superior (upper) and interior (lower)

positive feedback

self amplifying cycle where physiological change leads to greater change in the same direction

thoracic

includes heart, lungs, and other organs/tissues, also includes mediastinum, pericardium, and pleura

anatomical position

person standing upright with feet flat on floor and arms at sides with palms and face facing toward observer, if subject is facing you their left=your right (vice versa)

pericardial

two layered serous membrane containing the heart

supine

person lying face up

pleural

two layered serous membranes that contain each lung

prone

person lying face down

abdominal

contains crucial organs (liver, stomach, intestines), also called abdominopelvic

superior

above

inferior

below

pelvic

contains urinary bladder, colon, internal repro. organs and rectum, also called abdominopelvic

anterior

toward ventral side (front)

posterior

toward dorsal side (back)

mesentery

serous membrane that binds intestines together and suspends them from abdominal wall, part of visceral peritoneum

what are the different types of anatomy?

gross (structures visible to naked eye), histology (observing tissues and organs microscopically), surface (external structures of body), systemic (study of one organ system at a time), regional (study of multiple organ systems at the same time in a given region of the body)

integumentary system

protection, water retention, body heat regulation, vitamin D synthesis, cutaneous sensation (sensation felt on skin, warm/cold); organs: skin, hair, nails, cutaneous glands

skeletal system

support, movement, blood formation, mineral storage, electrolyte and acid/base balance; organs: bones, cartilages, ligaments

muscular system

movement, stability, communication, control of appendages, heat production; organs: skeletal muscles

lymphatic system

recovers excess fluids from tissues, detects pathogens, produces immune cells, defends diseases; organs: lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, thymus, spleen, tonsils

respiratory system

absorbs oxygen, discharges carbon dioxide, acid/base balance, speech; organs: nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

urinary system

eliminates wastes, regulates blood volume and pressure, stimulates red blood cell formation, controls fluid, electrolyte and acid/base balance, detoxification; organs: kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

nervous system

rapid internal communication, coordination, motor control, sensation; organs: brain, spinal cord, nerves, ganglia

endocrine system

hormone production, internal chemical communication and coordination; organs: pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, thymus, adrenal glands, pancreas, testes, ovaries

circulatory system

distributes nutrients, oxygen, wastes, hormones, electrolytes, heat, immune cells, and antibodies; fluid, electrolyte, and acid/base balance; organs: heart, blood vessels

digestive system

nutrient breakdown/ascription, liver functions include metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, and minerals; synthesis of plasma proteins; disposal of drugs, toxins, and hormones; cleansing of blood; organs: teeth, tongue, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, small/large intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

male repro. system

production and delivery of sperm, secretion of sex hormones; organs: testes, epididymides, spermatic ducts, seminal vesicles, prostate glands, bulbourethral glands, penis

female repro. system

production of eggs, site of fertilization and fetal development, fetal nourishment, birth, lactation, secretion of sex hormones; organs: ovaries, uterine tubes (fallopian tubes), vagina, mammary glands

9 characteristics of life and examples

organization (maintain order), cells (made of cells), metabolism (breathing and eating), development (change in form/function), growth (increase in size), excitability/response to stimuli (reacting), homeostasis (stable temperature), reproduction (produce copies of themselves), evolution (genetic change)

variable

value that varies/changes; ex: blood glucose

set point

average value; ex: body temp (37°C/98.6°F)

axial region

head, neck, torso/trunk; divided into thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic regions

appendicular region

upper (arm/brachial, forearm/antebrachial, wrist/carpal, hand and fingers/digits ) and lower (thigh/femoral, leg/crural, ankle/tarsal, foot and toes/digits) limbs

mediastinum

separates one pleural cavity from the other and contains heart, esophagus, trachea, and thymus

right upper quadrant

right liver portion, gallbladder, right kidney, small portion of stomach, portions of ascending and transverse colon, parts of small intestine

right lower quadrant

cecum, appendix, part of small intestines, right female repro., right ureters

left upper quadrant

left liver portion, large part of stomach, pancreas, left kidney, spleen, portions of transverse and descending colon, parts of small intestine

left lower quadrant

majority of small intestines, some large intestine, left female repro., left ureter

serous membrane

membranes that secrete lubricating film of moisture similar to blood serum

7 structural levels of the body

atom, molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism