chapt 6 Cytoplasmic Membrane and Energy Transformation & Metabolism

Flashcards covering key vocabulary related to cytoplasmic membrane function, energy transformation, and cellular metabolism, including anabolism, catabolism, principles of energy, ATP synthesis, and redox reactions.

Cytoplasmic membrane

A key component for energy conversion in cells.

Proton motive force

Stored energy created by pumping protons, used for ATP synthesis, transport, and motility.

Metabolism

All chemical reactions occurring within a cell.

Biosynthesis

The process of synthesizing new cellular components (building).

Catabolism

The process of breaking down molecules to harvest energy.

Anabolism

The process of building cell parts, which requires energy.

Energy

The capacity to do work.

Potential energy

Stored energy.

Kinetic energy

Energy of movement, actively doing work.

Free energy

The energy available to do work and released from chemical bonds

Exergonic reaction

A reaction where reactants have more free energy than products, then energy is released (e.g., catabolism).

Endergonic reaction

A reaction where products have more energy than reactants, consuming energy (e.g., anabolism).

Metabolic pathways

Sequences of chemical reactions that occur in cells.

Enzymes

Proteins that act as chemical catalysts that speed up reactions by lowering activation energy

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

The cell's primary energy currency, composed of an adenosine and three negatively charged, unstable phosphate groups.

Electron carriers

Molecules like NADH, FADH2, and NADPH that move energy in the form of electrons.

Activation energy

The initial energy required for a chemical reaction to occur, lowered by enzymes.

Substrate-level phosphorylation

A method of ATP generation that uses direct chemical energy to add a phosphate group to ADP

Oxidative phosphorylation

A method of ATP generation that uses the proton motive force to add phosphate ion to ADP

Photophosphorylation

A method of ATP generation that uses light energy to convert phosph. ADP to ATP

Redox reactions (Oxidation-reduction reactions)

Chemical reactions involving the transfer of electrons.

Oxidation

The loss of electrons by a substance (the electron donor).

Reduction

The gain of electrons by a substance (the electron acceptor).

Reducing power due to usable energy in bonds include:

The energy stored in the reduced forms of electron carriers, such as NADH, FADH₂, and NADPH.

three electron carries

NAD+, FAD, NADP+