Nuclear physics

What stops alpha radiation?

A sheet of paper

What stops beta radiation?

5mm aluminium foil

What stops gamma radiation?

5cm lead

Give 3 examples of background radiation.

Radon gas, cosmic rays, nuclear power plants.

What are the three steps of radioactive waste disposal?

1. waste categorisation

2. safe handling

3. storage methods

What are the 3 storage methods?

1. sealed lead containers

2. vitrification

3. deep geological disposal

What is a typical value for nuclear radius?

1fm

Define binding energy

The energy required to separate a nucleus into its individual nucleons.

Define critical mass

The minimum amount of fissile material needed to sustain a chain reaction. 

Describe fission induced by thermal neutrons

The process where a heavy nucleus splits into smaller nuclei after absorbing a low-energy thermal neutron.

State two advantage of nuclear power

No CO2 produced and highly reliable

State two disadvantages of nuclear power

Expensive and produces radioactive waste.

What is the function of the moderator?

Slowing down neutrons to increase the probability of them causing further fission. Eg graphite

What is the function of the control rods?

Absorb neutrons within reactor core to prevent them from colliding with more uranium nuclei. Eg boron

What is the function of the coolant?

To remove heat generated during fission reactions which is then used to produce steam which drives turbines. Eg water