Unit 9: WWII

apartheid

a policy of rigid racial segregation in the Republic of South Africa

Pan-Africanism

movement which began in the 1920s that emphasized the unity and strength of Africans and people of African descent around the world

Marcus Garvey

African American leader of the Pan-African movement & helped establish the Pan African Congress

Negritude Movement

literary movement that promoted Pan-African ideas

Ataturk (Mustafa Kemal)

leader of Turkish nationalist movement & westernized Turkey

Reza Khan

leader of Persian nationalist movement & modernized Persia

Pan-Arabism

Nationalist movement built on the shared heritage of Arabs to seek independence from foreign powers

Balfour Declaration

British document that promised land in Palestine as homeland for Jews in exchange for Jews help in WWI

Sun Yixian

served as President of Chinese Republic, established 3 Principles of People, & founded the Guomindang party

Jiang Jieshivsuccessor & leader of the Guomindang (Nationalist) party

Mao Zedong

Leader of the Chinese Communist Party during civil war & Long March

Guomindang

Nationalist political party founded on democratic principles by Sun Yixian & Jiang Jieshi

Long March

The 6,000-mile (9,600-kilometer) retreat of Chinese Communists from southeastern to northwestern China & led by Mao Zedong

Rape of Nanjing

Japanese attack on Chinese capital from 1937-1938 when Japanese aggressors slaughtered many Chinese women & children

zaibatsu

powerful banking and industrial families in Japan that had strong influence in government

ultranationalist

Japanese extreme nationalists that desired to expand empire

Manchuria

Province in northeast China invaded by Japan in September 1931

Manchurian Incident

Situation in 1931 when Japanese troops, claiming that Chinese soldiers had tried to blow up a railway line, in order to rationalize their invasion of Manchuria

Hirohito

Emperor of Japan

Tripartite Pact

1940 alliance signed between Japan, Germany, and Italy

absentee landlords

Britain who owns a large estate but does not live in Ireland

Irish Question

the question faced by british of giving independence to irish

The Great Potato Famine

1845 Potato blight that destroyed potato crop in Ireland; led to even more hatred of British & further calls for Irish independence

Home Rule

idea of self-governance desired by the Irish

Easter Rising

1916, militant Irish nationalist revolt against Brtiish rule; quickly suppressed but sparked wider support for irish cause

IRA

Irish Republican Army, nationalist militant group that attacked the British throughout the 20th century to unite the isle as one country

Indian National Congress

group formed by Hindu nationalist leaders of India in the late 1800's to gain greater democracy and eventual self-rule

Muslim League

organization formed by muslims in 1906 to protect their interests against British Rule.

Amritsar Massacre

an incident in 1919 in which British troops fired on an unarmed crowd of Indians & sparked calls for Indian independence

Mohandas Gandhi

Leader of the Indian independence movement, advocate of nonviolent resistance & became leader of the Indian National Congress in 1920.

satyagraha

"Truth force," a term used by Gandhi to describe peaceful boycotts, strikes, noncooperation, and mass demonstrations to promote Indian independence.

ahimsa

Hindu belief in nonviolence and reverence for all life

civil disobedience

A form of political participation that reflects a conscious decision to break a law believed to be immoral and to suffer the consequences.

boycott

A group's refusal to have commercial dealings with some organization in protest against its policies

Salt March

A 240 mile march to the sea to protest British salt tax led by Mohandas Gandhi

Roaring Twenties

the decade of the 1920's which got this nickname because of the times prosperity and excitement; considered to be the first decade of the modern era due to cultural changes

flapper

Young women of the 1920s that behaved and dressed in a radical fashion

prohibition

A law forbidding the production, sale, & distribution of alcoholic beverages

Marie Curie

Notable female Polish/French chemist and physicist around the turn of the 20th century. Won two nobel prizes. Did pioneering work in radioactivity.

Albert Einstein

German physicist who developed the theory of relativity, which states that time, space, and mass are relative to each other and not fixed.

Harlem Renaissance

A period in the 1920s when African-American achievements in art and music and literature flourished; began in Harlem, NY

Maginot Line

A fortification built before World War II to protect France's eastern border

Kellogg-Briand Pact

Agreement signed in 1928 in which nations agreed not to pose the threat of war against one another

disarmament

Reduction of armed forces and weapons

general strike

strike by workers in many different industries at the same time; occurred in Britain in 1920s

overproduction

A condition in which production of goods exceeds the demand for them -> leads to inflation

Great Depression

the economic crisis beginning with the US stock market crash in 1929 and continuing through the 1930s & affected the global economy

Franklin D. Roosevelt

President of the US during Great Depression and World War II; created New Deal

New Deal

A series of social reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration between 1933 and 1942 with the goal of ending the Great Depression.