Physics Exam Revision

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Newton’s First Law

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Physics

12th

558 Terms

1

Newton’s First Law

Every object remains at rest, or continues with constant velocity, unless it experiences an unbalanced force. Aka law of intertia

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2

Newton’s Second law

The acceleration of a body experiencing an unbalanced force is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to the mass of the body.

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3

Newton’s third law

When one body exerts a force on another body (an action force), the second body exerts an equal force on the first body but in the opposite direction (a reaction force)

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4

Action-Reaction Pairs

• Are the same magnitude

• Act in opposite directions

• Act on two different objects

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5

Constant Acceleration Equations

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6

0

when forces are balanced, the net force = ?

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7

Law of Inertia

tendency to resist motion or change in motion

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8

often not observed

Newton’s First Law is ______ in real life

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9

ma (mass * acceleration)

Fnet =?

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10

Fnet/m (Net force over mass)

a (acceleration) = ?

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11

use the area under the graph

conversion of acceleration to velocity using graph

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12

use the area under the graph

conversion of velocity to displacement using graph

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13

use the gradient of the graph

conversion of velocity to acceleration using graph

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14

use the gradient of the graph

conversion of displacement to velocity using graph

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15

Centripetal acceleration

An object accelerating towards the centre of its path. Given as a = v²/r and v = 2πr/T

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16

Force required for circular motion

F = ma = (mv2)/r (Newton’s second law)

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17

towards the centre

centripetal motion acts?

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18

uniform circular motion

  • constant speed

  • constant radius

  • velocity is tangential to the path of travel

  • change in direction of velocity is radial towards the centre

  • net force towards the centre

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19

tangential

90 degrees from a certain path

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20

acceleration

change in direction of velocity

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21

period

time taken to complete one revolution

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22

frequency

rotations per second

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23

speed in circular motion

d/t = circumference over period = 2πr/T

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24

frequency formula

F = 1/T

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25

properties of circular motion with flat tracks

The vehicle relies entirely on friction between the tyres and road to provide the centripetal force for circular motion

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26

flat track

a completely smooth track that allows objects to have a normal force parallel to the gravitational force

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27

friction is insufficient

If the ___________, the vehicle cannot follow the circular flat path, departing at a tangent

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28

properties of circular motion with banked tracks

The net force toward the centre includes both friction and a component of the normal force

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29

banked tracks

tracks at an angle to the ground, meaning objects do not have a normal force parallel to the gravitational force

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30

normal force

the force exerted by a surface to support the weight of an object resting on it, acting perpendicular to the surface

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31

normal force on banked tracks

will be greater than that on a flat track

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32

Design speed

The speed at which no sideways frictional force is required, and depends on the angle

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33

centre

An object in horizontal circular motion has an acceleration towards the _____ of the circle

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34

magnitude and direction

in horizontal circular motion, the _______ change

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35

constant speed

Vertical circular paths do not usually involve _______

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36

Uniform horizontal motion

• No unbalanced forces

• Normal force balances the gravitaional force

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37

forces on an object at rest

FN and Fg = 1G

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38

Circular motion through dips

  • Net centripetal acceleration is upwards due to circular path

  • Normal force and force due to gravity are unbalanced

  • Normal force greater than the ‘usual’ balance of force due to gravity

  • seat feels heavier than normal/pushing up more

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39

Circular motion over humps

• Net centripetal acceleration downwards due to circular path

• Normal force and force due to gravity not in balance

• Normal force less than the ‘usual’ balance of force due to gravity

• You feel the seat pushing up less/lighter than normal

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40

Circular motion through loops

• You don’t fall if the centripetal force is greater than the force due to gravity

• When the cart is at the critical speed where the cart just stays in contact / is about to fall, the normal force is zero

• The force due to gravity does not change

• The normal force varies throughout the motion

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41

gravity

the only force acting on a projectile that is launched at an angle to the horizontal is?

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42

downwards

when gravity is the only force on an object, the force arrow will always point?

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43

constant

horizontal velocity will remain _____ when there are no restraining forces

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44

horizontal velocity

gravity has no effect on __________

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45

9.8 m/s/s

the value for gravitational acceleration is?

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46

highest point

the vertical velocity will be zero at the?

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47

at its lowest

at the highest point of its trajectory, the kinetic energy of a launched object will be?

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48

trigonometry

What do you use to resolve horizontal and vertical components?

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49

constant acceleration equations

What do you use to resolve for time, distance, velocity?

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50

time and constant acceleration equations

What do you use to solve for horizontal distance?

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51

collisions

when there is motion, there may be?

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52

momentum

the product of an objects mass and its velocity

<p>the product of an objects mass and its velocity</p>
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53

vector

momentum is a ______ quantity

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54

law of conservation of momentum

in any collision between objects in an isolated system, the total momentum of the system is conserved

<p>in any collision between objects in an isolated system, the total momentum of the system is conserved</p>
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55

sum of initial momentum

the sum of final momentum is equal to the:

<p>the sum of final momentum is equal to the:</p>
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56

-1 * Force on B by A

Force on A by B = ?

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57

impulse

the change in momentum of an object

<p>the change in momentum of an object</p>
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58

calculating impulse with graphs

area under Force vs time graph

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59

force formula through momentum

<p></p>
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60

impulse using force vs time

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61

impulse using mass and velocity

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62

impulse formula

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63

work has been done

when a force acts on an object, causing a change in its displacement, we say?

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64

work

the transfer of energy from on object to another, or the transfer of energy from one form to another

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65

W = Fs

work formula when force is constant

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66

W = Fs cos theta

work formula when force is applied at an angle to displacement

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67
<p>the change in energy</p>

the change in energy

work can be expressed as?

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68

vector

force is a _____ quantity

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69

vector

displacement is a ____ quantity

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70

scalar

work is a _____ quantity

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71

scalar

energy is a _____ quantity

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72

net force

use the _______ when calculating the work done on an object

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73

no

is work being done when an object is being held stationary?

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74

no

is work being done when an object is in circular motion?

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75

no work has been done

when there is no displacement in the direction of the force, _________________________ on the object by that force

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76

the area under the force vs displacemnt

work done when force is not constant

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77

elastic potential energy

energy stored in material when it is stretched or compressed

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78

potential energy

energy of an object due to its displacement

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79

elastic

If the material is ______, then the energy can be returned to the system when the material returns to its original shape

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80

If the material is ______, then the material will undergo permanent changes

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81

hooke’s law

describes how the size of a force exerted by a spring is proportional to the length of extension or compression, and the force is in the opposite direction to the extension or compression

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82

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83

kinetic energy

the energy of motion of an object

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84
<p>½ mv<sup>2</sup></p>

½ mv2

kinetic energy for low-speeds (non-relativistic)

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85

perfectly elastic collision

kinetic energy is transferred between objects with no energy loss or wastage

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86
<p>kinetic energy before = kinetic energy after</p>

kinetic energy before = kinetic energy after

elastic collisions in a closed system

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87

inelastic collisions

kinetic energy is ‘lost’ or wasted through transformation

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88

false

most day-to-day collisions are perfectly elastic

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89

almost elastic collisions

collisions with very little energy transformed

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90

examples of almost elastic collisions

newton’s cradle and snooker ball collisions

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91

collisions between subatomic particles

example of perfectly elastic collisions

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92

gravitational potential energy

the energy stored in an object due to its position in a gravitational field

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93
term image

formula for gravitational potential energy

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94

area under force vs distance graph

how to find changes to gravitational potential energy?

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95

mechanical energy

energy associated with the motion and the position of an object

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96

examples of mechanical energy

  • heat

  • sound

  • kinetic energy

  • potential energy

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97

energy transformations

the change of energy from one form to another

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98

law of conservation of energy

While energy can be transformed to different forms of energy, or transferred between objects, it cannot be created or destroyed

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99

mechanical energy formula

sum of kinetic and potential energy of an object

<p>sum of kinetic and potential energy of an object</p>
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100

closed system

mechanical energy is constant in a ________

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