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persona
Latin word origin for personality, which refers to a theatrical mask worn by Roman actors in Greek dramas.
personality
is a pattern of relatively permanent traits and unique characteristics that give both consistency and individuality to a person’s behavior
traits
contribute to individual differences in behavior, consistency of behavior over time, and stability of behavior across situations
chracteristics
are unique qualities of an individual that include such attributes as temperament, physique and intelligence
theory
is a set of related assumptions that allows scientists to use logical deductive reasoning to
formulate testable hypothesis.
philosophy
it is a tool used by scientists in their pursuit of knowledge
epistemology
nature of knowledge
science
is the branch of study concerned with observation and classification of data and with the verification of general laws through the testing of hypotheses.
hypothesis
is an educated guess or prediction specific enough for its validity to
be tested through the use of the scientific method.
A theory is too general to lend itself to direct verification, but a single
comprehensive theory is capable of generating thousands of —
are more specific than the theories that give them birth.
taxonomy
is a classification of things according to their natural relationships.
— are essential to the development of a science because without
classification of data, science will not grow.
psychology of science
studies both science and the behavior of scientists; that is,
it investigates the impact of an individual scientist’s psychological processes and personal characteristics on the development of her or his scientific theories and research.
Generates research
Falsifiable
Organizes data
Guides Action
Internally Consistent
Parsimonious
What makes a theory useful:
descriptive and hypothesis testing
A useful theory will generate two different kinds of research:
Falsifiable
a theory must be evaluated on its ability to be confirmed or disconfirmed.
to be —-, a theory must be precise to suggest research that may either support or fail to support its major tenets
Falsifiability
means that negative research results will refute the theory and force the theorist to either discard it or modify it
operational definition
one that defines units in terms of observable events or behaviors that can be measured.
Parsimony
when two theories are equal in their ability to generate research, be falsified, giving meaning to data, guide the practitioner, and be self-consistent, the simpler one is preferred.
Determinism vs Free Choice
Pessimism vs Optimism
Causality vs Teleology
Conscious vs unconscious determinants of behavior
Biological vs Social influences on personality
Uniqueness vs Similarities
Dimensions for a concept of humanity
causality
is an explanation of behavior is a function of past experiences
teleology
is an explanation of behavior in terms of future goals or purposes
Reliability
Validity
Research in Personality Theory:
reliability
extent to which it yields consistent results
validity
is the degree to which an instrument measures what it is supposed to measure
construct validity
is the extent to which an instrument measures some hypothetical construct
convergent
divergent
discriminant
Types of construct validity
Predictive validity
— or the extent that a test predicts some future behavior
Sigmund Freud
—-’s Classical Psychoanalysis
May 6, 1856
Freiberg, Moravia
Sigmund Freud was born a Jew in (Date and Place)
eldest
Sigmund Freud was the — among 8 children from his father’s second wife
Joseph Breuer
a Viennese neurologist and cured patients by talking to them
Freud and — collaborated in writing research papers about hysteria
he and Freud eventually parted ways because of their disagreement regarding the causative role of sexual issues in hysteria
Anna O
she was the patient of Joseph Breuer and Sigmund Freud who has hysteria
Bertha Pappenheim
Anna O’s real name
The Interpretation of Dreams
Freud worked independently and started working on the foundations of Psychoanalytic Theory, which culminated in the publication of —
Anna Freud
became a prominent psychologist
she became a child psychologist in London, extending and continuing the work of her father, Sigmund Freud
depression and fear of trains
Freud’s father died which caused him to experience —
conscious
preconscious
unconscious
topographical scheme of the psyche
conscious
all mental elements we are currently aware of
preconscious
all mental elements we can be aware of, but not currently aware of
unconsious
mental elements we cannot be aware of by ordinary means
Id, ego, superego
the personality is comprised of 3 major components:
according to Freud, behavior is always a product of the interaction among those three
Id
the original (first) system of the personality
it includes everything psychological that is inherited and present at birth
close contact with the bodily processes from which it derives its energy
psychic energy
id is considered the reservoir of —
the energy utilized for psychological activities
True Psychic Reality
Freud called Id the —
Pleasure Principle
This is the tension-reduction principle by which the Id operates.
Reflex Action
Primary Process
2 processes for the actualization by which the Id operates
Reflex Action
inborn automatic actions
Primary Process (wish-fulfilment)
an attempt to discharge tension by forming an image of an object that will remove the tension
imagination
dreams
hallucination
autistic thinking
Primary Process can be carried out through the following ways:
Ego
it is known as the executive of the personality
Reality Principle
the Ego’s activities follow a principle called the —
This principle suspends the discharge of tension temporarily until an object that is appropriate for the satisfaction of the need has been discovered.
Secondary Process / Realistic Thinking
reality principle is actualized through the —
Realistic testing
Planning for a course of action
Secondary Process/Realistic thinking performs the following tasks:
Superego
known as the Moral Arm of the Personality
is the internal representative of the traditional values and ideals of the society through the parents and then enforced by a pattern of reward and punishment
conscience
this is formed from the internalized experiences for which the child is punished
it causes the feeling of Guilt
Ego ideal
this is formed from the internalized experiences for which the child is rewarded
it causes the feeling of pride and success
complex energy system
Freud regarded the human being as a — that drives its energy from the food it consumes and expends it for various physiological and psychological activities
instinct
it is an inborn psychological representation of an inner somatic source of excitation
wish
the psychological representation per se
need
the bodily excitation that causes the Wish
source
aim
object
impetus
four characteristic features of an Instinct
source
it is the body excitation that produces tension; essentially the same as the Need
Aim
removal of the body excitation
object
all the activities that intervenes between the appearance of a wish and its fulfilment
impetus
strength/force of the instinct
Life Instinct
Death Instinct
Object-Cathexis/Object-Choice
Identification
Anti-Cathexis
Classifications of Instinct:
Life-Instinct (Eros)
It is for individual survival and racial propagation
it is manifested specifically as Sex, Hunger, and Thirst instincts
Libido
energy utilized by Life Instincts
Death Instincts (Thanatos)
in contrast to Life instinct, — is a destructive instinct
it is presumed to be emanating from the catabolic physiological processes of the body
Aggressive Drive
This is viewed by Freud as self-destruction turned outside
Object-Cathexis/Object-Choice
It is the investment of energy in an action, image, or thing that will gratify an instinct
Identification
It is the diversion of energy from the Id (primary process) into the processes that make up the Ego (secondary process: perceiving, remembering, etc.) and Superego (follow ideals and remember prohibitions of parents)
Anti-Cathexis
This is the process of the Ego using its energy to restrain the urges from Id
Anxiety
the energy utilized for psychological activities
it is experienced when the ego is overwhelmed with excessive stimulation from the environment
birth trauma
this is the prototype of all anxieties
reality anxiety
neurotic anxiety
moral anxiety
Kinds of Anxiety
reality anxiety
caused by real objective sources of danger in the environment
neurotic anxiety
fear that the id’s impulses will overwhelm the Ego and make the person do something for which he/she will be punished
moral anxiety
fear of doing something contrary to the superego, causing the experience of guilt
5th year
Freud claims that Personality is generally formed at the end of —
Defense Mechanism
these are unconscious maneuvers of the ego, altering its interpretation of reality to decrease anxiety
Denial
Repression
Projection
Reaction Formation
Regression
Rationalization
Displacement
Sublimation
Introjection
Identification
Compensation
11 Defense Mechanisms
Denial
It occurs when you refuse to accept reality or facts.
In other words, they avoid painful feelings or events.
Repression
it is unconscious forgetting
it is the putting of material in the unconscious, rendering it inaccessible to consciousness
Subconsciously blocking ideas or impulses that are undesirable
projection
this is when something true about a person is seen by that person in someone/something else in the environment
occurs when an individual, threatened by his own angry feelings, accuses another of harbouring hostile thoughts.
reaction formation
this is the replacement of an anxiety-producing impulse or feeling by its opposite
regression
it is the returning to an earlier stage of development, or the reacting to problems the way a younger person does, when on experiences stress/anxiety
rationalization
it is the justifying one’s flaws and failings through lame excuses
Displacement
transferring one’s emotional burden or emotional reaction from one entity to another
sublimation
involves channeling unwanted or unacceptable urges into an admissible or productive outlet
introjection
where a person unconsciously absorbs experiences and makes them part their psyche
the internalization of mental representations attributed to an external object,
identification (2)
the condition where a person develops behavioral pattern by observing others
compensation
a pattern by which tension or anxiety relieved by an individual make up for personal weakness
Free Association
this requires the client to say everything that comes into consciousness, no matter how ridiculous or inappropriate
client to talk about everything and anything that occurs to him/her without restraints
Dreams
Freud believe that — are disguised thoughts
he called — are the “guardians of sleep” and “royal road to the unconscious”
Manifest Content
Latent Content
2 forms of dream analysis
manifest content
what the dreams appears to the dreamer
latent content
underlying repressed thought that is represented by the manifest content
Condensation
this is the process wherein in a part of something is symbolizing the whole thing
synthesis
this is the process when an idea in the Manifest Content symbolizes a combination of ideas in the Latent Content
Dislocation
the process of replacing an acceptable idea with something that is more acceptable in the dream