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Cold war K2- crises
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what was Krushchev’s ultimatum? 27th Nov 1958
he demanded a peace treaty and for west berlin to be a “ free city” without us troops and if not he threatened to take control of West Berlin and cut off access.
Name all three summit meetings
Camp David (1959): no official treaties but both sides agreed to meet again
Paris (1960): A American U2 spy place was shot down over the USSR nine days before; Eisenhower refused to apologise; Krushchev stormed out the meeting
Vienna (1961): Kennedy refused to withdraw troops from West Berlin. Both sides increased their military spending
what was the Bay Of Pigs Invasion? (17th April 1961)
Kennedy helped 1,400 Cuban exiles to try take back power from the communist at the bay of pigs invasion However the Cubans were prepared and had 20,000 troops, planes and tanks. Kennedy wanted to keep US involvement secret so he did not help the exiles and the communists won. It was a humiliation for USA
what was the refugee crisis?
East Berlin was much poorer that the west. it had seen a little rebuilding after WW2 while west berlin had recieved money from Marshall Aid to strengthen industries and jobs.
What was the ‘brain drain’?
4 millon East Berliners moved from east to west berlin for better opportunities, jobs, money ect.
What was the cuban revelotion (1959)
Fidel Castro led an armed struggle against President Barista. Castro took power, created a communist regime and ended US involvement n Cuban business
What happened on the 14th October 1962?
A US spy plane photographed the nuclear site being built
What happened on 22nd October 1962?
Kennedy blockaded Cuba to stop Soviet ships arriving. The two sides might have gone to war if Khrushchev had continued.
Khrushchev offered to leave Cuba alone if USA took their nuclear weapons out of Turkey. Kennedy ignored this message but accepted Khrushchev’s offer to leave Cuba
What happened on 25th October 1962?
The Soviet ships turned round to avoid confrontation
when did the US test and use the first atomic bomb
The US tested the first atomic bomb on July 16, 1945, and later used atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945.
when did USA and the USSR test the Hydrogen bomb
The USA tested its first hydrogen bomb on November 1, 1952, at the Eniwetok Atoll, while the USSR followed with its test on August 12, 1953.
what was MAD (Mutually Assured Destruction)
The idea that if both countries have weapons which are strong enough, any war would automatically destroy them. This meant that they are NOT likely to start a war because they are scared
What was Brezhnev’s doctrine?- Nov 1968
The USSR would give military support to all communist governments facing threats eternally
Warsaw pact strengthened
No ohter warsaw pact countries tried to change their system after seeing Brezhnev’s response in Czechoslovakia
What happened on 13th august 1961
Troops began to build a wall around Berlin. The concrete was 3.6M high and soilder’s shot people who tried to cross.
How many people roughly were killed during the Berlin wall 1962
192
what happened as a result of the wall?
Tension dropped between the two sides as it showed they would leave Germany and berlin as they were.
what did Kennedy say because of the berlin wall?
‘ A wall is a hell of a lot better than a war’
What was the Limited Test Ban Treaty?-1963
Limited nuclear testing underwater and in the atmosphere
What was the Outer Space treaty?- 1967
Agreed to use outer space for peaceful protests; not to send weapons into space
What was the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treat?-1968
agreed that countries without nuclear weapons could not be given them by others
What was Prague Spring?
Dubcek became leader of the Communist party of Czechoslovakia on the 5th January 1968. Dubcek was a communist reformer who wanted to liberalise the regime, by creating ‘socialism with a human face.’
Dubcek’s reforms?
-Greater freedom of expression
-Non-Communist parties and organisations allowed and free elections suggested
-powers of secret police limited and less government interference in everyday life
-Increased trade with West and travel abroad allowed.
For 4 months, Czech’s lived under the new system and Dubcek continued his reforms even though USSR was trying to stop him