319 lab practical 1

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Multinucleated cell that secretes acid and proteases to dissolve bone matrix

Define: Osteoclast

Stem cell that gives way to osteoblasts

Define: Osteoprogenitor Cell

Derived from osteoprogentior cells

secretes organic components of bone matrix

can give way to osteocyte

Define: Osteoblast

Derived from osteoblasts

involved in bone maintenance

Define: Osteocyte

The study of tissues

Define: Histology

Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous

What are the four main tissue types?

Lining and covering organs and their internal passageways

Where are epithelial tissues located?

The side of the epithelium that is exposed to the external environment/internal cavity

Define: Free surface (wrt epithelium)

True

T/F: Epithelia are avascular

Basal Lamina

Epithelia are attached to the body via \_____________.

Connective

Located below a basal lamina is a layer of \__________ tissue.

Diffusion

absorption

Cilia or microvilli

Simple epithelia generally have \______ or \_______ on the free surface.

Secrete mucus that coat free surface of simple epithelial cells

Main function of goblet cells

Sweep mucus to remove debris

Main funtion of microvilli of simple epithelial cells

Increase surface area for absorption

Main function of cilia of simple epithelial cells

Areas exposed to friction/abrasion

Where are stratified epithelia cells found?

The type of cell at the free surface

When a stratified epithelium has more than one type of cell \___________ determines the classification of the tissue.

Glandular

\____________ epithelia IS vascularized.

Any gland within the body

Glandular epithelial cells make up \________.

Nourishment (exposure to vascular structures)

What determines an epithelial cell's ability to regenerate?

Single layer of flat cells
Sparse cytoplasm
Central

disk-shaped nucleus

Allow for diffusion
Filtration
Secrete lube in serosae

Function of simple squamous epithelium

Kidney glomeruli
Air sack of lungs
Blood and lymphatic vessels
Lining of ventral body cavity (serosae)

Location of simple squamous epithelium

Serous membranes that line ventral body cavity and its organs

Location of mesothelium

Single layer of cube shaped cells
Large

spherical

Secretion and absorption

Function of simple cuboidal epithelium

Kidney tubules
Ducts/secretory section of small glands
Ovary surface

Location of simple cuboidal epithelium

Single layer of tall cells
Round/oval nuclei
May posses cilia
May be located with goblet cells

Physical description of simple columnar epithelium

Absorption
Secrete mucus/enzymes/other
Propel mucus

Function of simple columnar epithelium

Digestive tract lining
Gallbladder
Excretory ducts of some glands
Small Bronchi
Uterine tubes

Location of simple columnar epithelium

Cuboidal or columnar
Metabolically active

What are the characteristic of the basal layer of stratified squamous epithelium?

Secretion
Propel mucus

Function of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelia

Glycoprotein and polysaccharide molecules

What are the main substituents of the ground substance of connective tissue?

Stationary cells
Secrete proteins
Join molecules to create collagen and elastic fibers

Define: Fibroblast

To ingest microbes and dead cells

What is the purpose of macrophages in connective tissue?

Release histamine when tissues become damadged

What is the purpose of mast cells?

Fat cells that contain vacoules for lipid storage

Define: Adipocyte

Open network of protein fibers
Thick syrupy ground substance

Define: Loose connective tissue

Collagen and elastic fibers

What types of fibers are found in dense connective tissue?

Dense regular and dense irregular

What are the two types of dense connective tissue?

Dense regular tissue has fibers that are arranged in parallel bands
Dense irregular fibers are randomly interwoven

What are the main differences between dense regular and dense irregular?

Blood and lymph

What are the two types of fluid connective tissues?

Bone and cartilage

What are the two types of supporting connective tissue?

Calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate salt crystalized on collagen fibers

What comprises hydroxyapatite?

Perchondrium

What produces chondrocytes?

Secrete ground substance of cartilage matrix

Function of chondroblast

Membrane the surrounds all supporting connective tissue in cartilage

Define: Perichondrium

Chondrocyte

When a chondroblast become enclosed in a lacunae

Maintain mature collagen tissue

Purpose of chondrocytes

Hyaline
Elastic
Fibrocartilage

Three types of cartilage

Areolar
Adipose
Reticular

Three types of loose connective tissue

Regular
Irregular
Elastic

Three types of dense connective tissue

Compact
Spongy

Two types of bone

Wrap/cushion organs
Hold/convey tissue fluid
Indirectly involved in immunity/inflammation

Function of areolar tissue

Areolar tissue

Adipose tissue

Provide reserve food fuel
Insulate
Support and protect organs

Function of adipose tissue

Reticular Tissue

Soft internal skeleton to support other cells

Function of reticular tissue

Attach muscle to bone
Attach bone to bone
Withstand great tensile force

Function of dense regular tissue

Dense regular tissue

Allow tissue recoil following stretching
Maintain pulsatile flow of blood through arteries
Passive recoil during respiration

Functions of dense irregular tissue

Dense irregular tissue

Bone tissue

Lacuna containing osteocyte

Cannaliculi

Haversian Canals

Hyaline Cartilage

Embyonic skeleton
End of long bones
Costal cartilage
Nose cartilage
Trachea
Larynx

Locations of hyaline cartilage

Support and reinforce
Resilient cushioning properties
Resist compressive stress

Functions of hyaline cartilage

Elastic cartilage has more elastic fibers in the matrix

Difference between elastic and hyaline cartilage and elastic cartilage

Maintain shape of a structure while providing great flexibility

Function of elastic cartilage

External ear
Epiglottis

Where is elastic cartilage found in the body?

Elastic cartilage

Absorb compressive shock and provide tensile strength

Functions of fibrocartilage

Invertebral disks
Pubic symphysis
Menisci of knees

Locations of Fibrocartilage

Fibrocartilage

Skeletal muscle

Cardiac Muscle

Smooth Muscle

Cardiac

Which type of muscle is bifurcated?

Cell body

Define: Soma

1) Develop from fibrous membranes (intramembranous bone)
2) Develop by replacing hyaline cartilage (endochondral bone)

What are the two ways bone ossifies?

Rings within osteons

Define: Lamellae

Holes between lamellae that house osteocytes

Define: Lacunae

Canals within bone that run perpendicular to osteons

encase blood vessels that run from one haversian canal to another

What is the function of Volkmann canals?

Volkmann Canal

Another name for perforating canal

Portion of periosteum that extends into bone

Define: Sharpey's fiber

Fill in spaces between concentric lamellae

Function of interstitial lamellae

Hyaline cartilage

What type of tissue makes up the bulk of an epiphyseal plate?

Arm flexion
Rotate arm medially
Adduct arm

Action of pectoralis major

Arm extension
Adduct arm
Medially rotate arm at shoulder

Action of latissimus dorsi

Arm abduction
Flexion and medially rotate humerus
Extension and lateral rotation of arm

Action of Deltiod

Stabilize

raise

Draw scapula down and forward

Action of the pectoralis minor