Test of the brain and nervous system

Dendrites

• receive impulses from previous neuron

• Short and highly branched

Axon hillock

• where the axon joins the cell body (connects)

Myelin sheath

• Lipids layer

• Insulates the axon

• Speeds up the transmission of action potentials along the axon

Nodes of the Ranvier

• Gaps in the myelin sheath along the axon

• Impulses “skip” to them

Synaptic end bulbs

• Store neurotransmitters that are relisted into the synapse due to impulses

• Swelling at the end of the axon terminals

Nucleus

• The little circle between the cell body

• productions of proteins and molecules

Cell body

• Contains organelles produces proteins and molecules needed for a neuron to send/receive an impulse (soma)

schwann cells

• produce the myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous system

• cells found along the myelin sheath

• produce the myelin sheath in the nerves

The axon

• Carries impulse away from the soma and toward the next neuron

• One long production on a neuron

Axon terminals

• Fine productions at the end of an axon that pass the impulse to the next neuron

What is NOT a part of the nervous system

Backbone

What are the two main cell types of the nervous system?

Neurons and Neuroglia

How many neurons are found in the average human body ?

100 billion

what are the electrical messages called that neurons pass?

impulses

Does a neuron send a message, receive a message, or both?

both

Peripheral Nervous system (PNS) (Motor)

• Nerves that extend from the brain of spinal cord

• Spinal nerves; to and from the spinal cord

• Cranial nerves; to and from the brain

Central nervous system (CNS) (sensory)

• Includes the brain and spinal cord

• Integration and control center

• Interprets sensory input and dictates motor output

Motor division

• Efferent division (exits brain)

• Send messages from the brain to the muscles and glands using motor neurons

• Motor output

Sensory division

• Afferent division ( Arrives at brain)

• Deliver messages from the senses to the brain using sensory neurons

• Sensory input

Autonomic nervous system

• Motor neurons from the brain to the smooth muscle, Cardiac muscle and glands

• Involuntary

• Memory hook; Automatic

Somatic Nervous system

• Motor neurons from the brain to the skeletal muscles

• Voluntary

• Memory hook; Select

Sympathetic division

• Fight or flight response

• Activates the body systems

Parasympathetic Division

• rest and digests

• Calms the body systems down

What are two parts of the central nervous system?

brain and spinal cord

What are the four main parts of the brain?

• The cerebrum

• The diencephalon

• The brainstem

• The cerebellum

What is the largest part of the brain?

The cerebrum

What does the name cerebrum mean?

cerebrum means brain in Latin

describe the texture of the cerebrum

A bumpy jelly because it is highly folded

What are the two halves of the cerebrum called?

Left and the right Hemispheres

Which lines dives these two halves?

Longitudinal fissures

How many loves does each Hemispheres have?

4 lobes

What is the diencephalon located between?

Between the cerebrum and the brain stem

Can you see the diencephalon from the outside of the brain?

It is not visible

How is the diencephalon similar to an air traffic controller?

The diencephalon directs information exiting and entering the brain

what are the two parts of the diencephalon?

Thalamus and the hypothalamus

which part is on the top?

Thalamus is on top of the diencephalon

What two things does the hypothalamus control?

It controls homeostasis and hormone production

where is the brain stem located?

At the base of the brain

How many parts of the brain stem made of?

3 smaller parts

What are the parts of the brain stem?

Midbrain, Pons, Medulla oblongata

You are able to focus while your teacher lectures and ignore the air conditions humming in the background, what part of the brain stem allows you to do this?

Reticular formation

what does cerebellum mean?

cerebellum means “little brain”

What is another profession type of persons who must have a highly developed cerebellum?

People such as ballerinas of soccer players

Sensory receptors (ex-eyes, Nose)

Gather information from environment and send it to your brain

Integration

The brain processes and understands the sensory input and decides what should be don’t in response

Motor output

Messages are sent from brain to muscles or glands to causes a response

Pituitary gland (Diencephalon anatomy)

• The master endocrine gland

• Controls other hormone releasing glands

Thalamus (Diencephalon anatomy)

• Sorts data as it comes to the cerebrum and sends that data to the proper part of the cerebrum (control area)

Hypothalamus (Diencephalon anatomy)

• Below the thalamus

• Maintains homeostasis (ex. body temperature)

• Controls the pituitary glands

Midbrain (brain stem anatomy)

In charge of auditory and visual reflexes (ex. automatically turning when someone is loud)

Pons (brain stem anatomy)

• “Bridge” between the cerebellum and motor cortex/sensory cortex

• Allows the cerebellum to better coordinate movements

medulla oblongata (brain stem anatomy)

• Regulates heart rate, respiration rate, and blood vessel dilation and constriction

the brain

• Made of almost 86 billion multipolar neurons

• Divided into four regions

• Made of gray (soma) and white matter (axon)

Cerebrum

• Outer layer of brain and largest part of the brain

• Site of integration

• Surface is covered by sulci (valleys) and gyri (peaks)

• Outer layer is called the cerebral cortex

• Divided into four lobes

• Broken into 2 Hemispheres (left and right)

  -connected by the corpus callosum

Diencephalon

• “interbrain” - deep within the brain

• Connects cerebrum to brainstem

• Contains the thalamus and hypothalamus

• Also contains the pituitary gland

  (the master endocrine gland- Controls other hormone relisting glands)

Brain stem

• attaches the spinal cord to the cerebrum

• Basic needs ( breathing, circulation digestion)

• Determines where information entering and leaving the brain needs to go

• Consist of the midbrain, Pons and medulla oblongata

Cerebellum

• “little brain” in Latin

• “Muscle memory” and muscle coordination

Frontal Lobe ( Anatomy of the cerebral cortex)

• Executive function : planning organizing, self-monitoring

• Personality

• Decision making

• Emotional control

• Contains Motor cortex- starts all movements

• Contains broca’s area- allows us to from speech (ex. how we move our tongue to create sounds)

Parietal Lobe ( Anatomy of the cerebral cortex)

• Contains sensory cortex- receives most sensory information ( ex.touch, hot,cold)

• Interprets sensory information

• Spatial awareness: knowing what is around you

• Contains wernicke’s area - Allows us to understand speech

Temporal Lobe ( Anatomy of the cerebral cortex)

• Receives and interprets Auditory information

• Receives and interprets olfactory information (smell)

• Development of memories

• Contains the amygdala: fear and anxiety

• Contains the hippocampus : changes short-term memory to long-terms memory

• memory hook; “hippos never forgets”

Occipital Lobe

• Receives and interprets visual information