Clinical Implications of Cerebral Cortex

a conjugate and voluntary eye movement deficit would occur from damage of what lobe?

frontal

a sensory integration deficit would occur from damage in what lobe?

parietal

limb and planning apraxia would occur from damage in what lobe?

parietal

if someone is cortically blind, they have damage in what lobe?

occipital

if someone has a visual association deficit, what lobe is damaged?

occipital

what are the 6 types of right hemispheric syndromes?

1. attentional disorders

2. visuoperceptual disorders

3. visuomotor disorders

4. affective and emotional

5. memory

6. facial recognition

which of the following are characteristics of hemispatial neglect?

1. failure to attend to somatosensory, auditory, and visual stimuli

2. failture to copy one side of a figure when drawing

3. failure to read half of a word

4. failure to note half of the environment

what is hemispatial neglect?

failure to explore one side of the face

what areas are damged with hemispatial neglect?

1. posterior parietal cortex

2. frontal lobe

3. subcortical lesions

what is hemialexia?

failure to read half of the word

what are two types of attentional disorders?

hemispatial neglect and selective attention

what is selective attention?

the ability to focus on one stimulus and ignore others

what are characteristsics of selective attention disorder?

1. inattention to objects and spatial attributes of objects

2. impulsivity

3. distractibility

4. disturbances of working memory

what are two types of visuopreceptual disorders?

constructional disability and dressing distrubances

what are characteristics of constructional disability?

failure to complete the left aspect of models or drawings and errors in spatial relationships within drawings

visuoperceptual disorders occur because of damage in what lobe?

parietal

what is dressing disturbance?

neglect to dress on one side

what is a type of visuomotor disorder?

environmental agnosia

what is a characteristic of environmental agnosia?

loss of environmental familiarity

a lesion in what structure results in environmental agnosia?

inferiomedial temporo-occipital cortex

what is aprosopagnosia?

inability to recognize familar faces

damage in what structure causes aprosopagnosia?

posterior aspect of the hemisphere

what are two types of affective and emotional disorders?

anosognosia and aprosody

what is anosognosia?

denial of illness

what are characteristics of anosognosia?

1. denial of any defict

2. underestimation of degree of deficit

3. unusual attitudes toward deficit

damage to what lobe causes anosognosia?

parietal

what is aprosody?

speech without affective components

damage to what structure causes aprosody?

prefrontal cortex

what are characteristics of working memory disturbances?

difficulty retaining visual info and difficulties problem solving

damage of the circuits that connect the dorsolateral frontal lobes with the posterior parietal cortex causes what type of disturbance?

working memory disturbances

what are the 4 types of left hemispheric syndromes?

1. wernicke's aphasia

2. broca's aphasia

3. conductive aphasia

4. alexia with agraphia

what are the characteristics of wernicke's aphasia?

1. deficit in comprehension

2. difficulty in finding the right word combonation (paraphrasia)

3. logorrhea (excessive speech)

4. inability to repeat and name objects

damage to what structure causes wernicke's aphasia?

left posterior superior temporal lobe

wernicke's aphasia is also called

receptive aphasia

broca's aphasia is also called

expressive aphasia

which of the following are characteristics of broca's aphasia?

1. loss of speech production

2. disruption in syntax (telegraphic speech)

3. difficulty reading aloud

4. writing may be abnormal

damage to what structure causes broca's aphasia?

left posterior inferior frontal lobe

What are characteristics of conductive aphasia?

1. Decreased fluency

2. difficulty in repeating words

3. impaired naming

4. disturbed writing

damage to what structure causes conductive aphasia?

arcuate fasiciculus within parietal lobe

what are two characterisitcs of alexia with agraphia?

Normal speech and the inability to read and write

Damage of the PTO association cortex causes what type of left hemispheric syndrome?

alexia with agraphia

damage of the primary somatosensory area (3, 1, 2) causes what symptoms?

1. loss of tactile localization

2. loss of conscious

3. proprioceptive deficits

Damage to the primary visual cortex causes which of the following?

contalateral homonymous hemianopia

What lobe is affected if someone has astereognosis?

parietal

What lobe is affected if someone has visual agnosia or aprosopangosia

occipital

what is plegia?

unable to voluntary move affected parts of the body

what is paresis?

decreased voluntary movements of the affected parts of the body

what areas are involved if a patient has plegia or paresis?

primary motor cortex on the contralateral side

what is spastic dysarthira?

damage in the primary cortex which causes difficulties articulating sounds dur to spasticity of speech muscles

what is flaccid dysarthria?

difficulties speaking due to the paresis of speech muscles; damage is in CN IX or X

what is apraxia?

unable to perform a movement or sequence of movements when sensation is intact

which of the following is an example of apraxia?

putting socks on over shoes

damage to what area causes apraxia?

premotor cortex

what is motor perseveration?

uncontrollable repetition of a movement

a lesion of what area would cause paralysis, loss of fine motor control, and paresis?

primary motor cortex

damage to the dorsolateral prefrontal association cortex can cause which of the following?

1. apathy and lack of goal directed behavior

2. difficulties in executive functions

3. limited divergent thinking

ventral and dorsomedial perfrontal association cortex controls

personality and emotion

lesions of the ventral or dorsomedial prefrontal association cortex areas can cause which of the following?

1. impaired in feeling empathy, embarrassment, guilt, and regret

2. poor judgement

3. impulsivness

damage to the parietotemporal association areas causes which of the following?

1. wernicke's area (left hemisphere)

2. deficts in directing attention (right hemisphere)

3. deficits in understanding space (right hemisphere)

lesions in the association cortex can cause which of the following:

1. loss of executive function and divergent thinking

2. disturbances of personality and emotions

3. wernicke's aphasia

4. neglect and or difficulties understanding nonverbal communication

5. inability to distinguish relevant from irrelevant info

6. inability to handle new info effectively

7. beome upset with even minor changes in routine

what is amnesia?

loss of declarative memory

What is retrograde amnesia?

loss of memories for events that occured before the brain injury

What is anterograde amnesia?

loss of memory for events that occur after the brain injury

T/F: people with amnesia retain the ability to learn new motor skills

true

what is global aphasia?

a combonation of wernicke's and broca's aphasias

personal neglect is due to a failure of _____ _________

direct attention