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Ecology - Science Olympiad notes
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1
What is a food web?
A food web consists of all the food chains in a single ecosystem.
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2
What does the trophic pyramid illustrate?
The trophic pyramid illustrates energy transfer within ecosystems, highlighting primary producers, consumers, and decomposers.
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3
What is the percentage of energy transferred between trophic levels in an ecosystem?
Only 10% of energy is transferred between trophic levels.
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4
What is Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)?
GPP is the rate at which the primary producers capture and store energy per unit time.
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5
What is Net Primary Productivity (NPP)?
NPP is the amount of energy stored after accounting for energy expended during respiration; calculated as NPP = GPP - R.
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6
What are density dependent limiting factors?
Factors that depend on the population size, including disease, pollution, competition, and predation.
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7
What are density-independent factors?
Factors that affect population regardless of its size, such as climate extremes and food limitations.
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8
What does carrying capacity refer to?
The number of individuals that the environment can support over a long period of time.
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9
How is doubling time calculated?
Doubling time = 70 / r, where r is the growth rate in percent.
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10
What is logistic growth?
When a population's growth rate decreases as the population size approaches the carrying capacity.
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11
What is R-selection?
A reproductive strategy characterized by producing many offspring with low parental investment.
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12
What is K-selection?
A reproductive strategy characterized by fewer offspring with heavy parental investment.
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13
What is adaptive radiation?
The diversification of a group of organisms into forms filling different ecological niches.
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14
What do survivorship curves show?
Patterns of mortality and the probability that members of a population will survive to a certain age.
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15
What is trophic mutualism?
The transfer of energy and nutrients between two species, often between an autotroph and a heterotroph.
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16
What characterizes the tundra biome?
Cold, largely treeless with permafrost and a short growing season.
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17
What type of trees dominate the taiga biome?
Coniferous trees such as pines, firs, and spruces.
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18
What is unique about deciduous forests?
They have trees that lose their leaves at the end of the growing season.
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19
How does biodiversity benefit ecosystems?
It provides services such as clean air, freshwater, and act as a barrier to zoonotic diseases.
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20
What is acid rain?
Precipitation with acidic components that fall to the ground from the atmosphere.
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21
What are invasive species?
Non-native organisms that cause economic or environmental harm.
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22
What impact does soil erosion have?
It reduces land productivity by causing loss of water, nutrients, and organic matter.
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23
What is the difference between alternative energy and renewable energy?
Alternative energy does not come from fossil fuels and produces little or no greenhouse gases; renewable energy is naturally replenished.
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24
What is conservation biology?
A science aimed at evaluating human impacts on biological diversity and developing strategies to prevent species extinction.
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25
What is primary succession?
The process that occurs in a landscape that previously was devoid of life.
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26
What is species reintroduction?
The process of re-establishing a population in an area where it has previously been driven out.
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27
What is inquilinism?
A relationship where an animal lives commensally in another animal's nest or dwelling.
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28
What does biotic potential refer to?
The maximum rate of population growth under ideal conditions.
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29
What is metabolic recycling of nutrients?
The process by which decomposers break down organic matter, facilitating the nutrient cycle.
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