human growth and development MEGA 2026

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Last updated 7:52 PM on 2/1/26
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913 Terms

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epidemic

disease affecting a large number of people living in a community

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pandemic

illness that spreads over several countries or continents is referred to as

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endemic

disease affects only a particular people or country

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healthy people

scientific base for a 10 year projection that addresses national health care goals and objectives

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life expectancy

avg number of years person is expected to live

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STAT**

“Life expectancy has increased from 47.3 years at the beginning of the 20th century to nearly 79 years today. ”

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goals of healthy people

  1. increase quality and years of ahealthy life

  2. eliminate health disparities among persons that exist according to sex, race, ethnicity, education, income, disability, location and sexual orientation

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five categories of obj for healthy people 2030

  1. health conditions objectives focus on quality of life for individuals with certain conditions

  2. health behaviors focuses on topics that can be taught to patqients such as nutrition and healthy eating, not using drugs and increase physical activity

  3. populations objectives cover issues that affect segments of the population such as adolescents, LGBTQ+, men, women and people w/disabilities

  4. setting and systems obj focused on role of health care organization in decreasing health disparities by providing a framework that cna make health care accessible to all individuals

  5. social determinants of health focus on condition in the environment affecting people’s health, functioning and quality of life

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WHO has discussed what social determinants of health

1) social and community context

2) economic stability

3) education access and quality

4) health care access and quality

5) neighborhood and built environment

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social security act (1935)

provide unemployement insurance for people who lost their incomes due to old age

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Medicare part A (1972)

hospital insurance - expanded to include low income, pregnant women, individuals needing long term care or people w/disabilities

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Medicare part b (1972)

medical insurance - expanded to 65+

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medicare part D (2006)

prescription drug coverage

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PCP

primary care provider assigned to provide basic health care services

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HMO

provides a plan that has the health care provider assume some of the financial risks and uses PCPs as gatekeepers

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PPO

HCP’s deliver services to private sector for a discounted fee, PCP will have to give referrals to other doctors however

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POS

point of service, HCPs are paid a preset payment based on membership or risk based system

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COBRA (1996)

consolidated omnibus budget reconciliation act → health insurance protection for people who have to leave their jobs

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HIPPA (1996)

health insurance portability and accountability → holds health care facilities and workers responsible for protecting sensitive patient’s data

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CHIP (1997)

children’s health insurance program, providing coverage to millions of children in low-income families that do not qualify for Medicaid

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ACA (2010)

offer health insurance to millions of americans who are uninsured and to improve coverage of those who have insurance

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how many americans are uninsured so far?

48 million

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WHO

strives to improve access to health care in some local communities because a lack of access affects all aspects of a person’s physical, mental, and social health

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CDC

federal agency under department of health that promotes disease prevention primarily in the US but also globally

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NIH

research is used to promote health, reduce occurrence of disease and disability and lengthen life span

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health

state of complete physical, mental and social well being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

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physical health

includes all characteristics that people inherit from their parents

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psychological health

how person feels and expresses emotions

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social health

deals w everyday issues of economics, religion, culture and interactions of people living tg

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cognitive health

encompasses a person’s ability to learn and develop

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disease

imbalance between internal and external forces

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health promotion

health care directed toward the goal of increasing an optimum leve of wellness

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how many americans spend greater part of day in workplace

85%

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empowerment

form of self-responsibility that encourages peope, to take charge of their own decision-making

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primary prevention

occurs before their is any disease or dysfunction

MAJOR NATIONAL GOAL → deliver vaccines to at least 90% of preschool population

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secondary prevention

dx of a disease or infectious process, need for early dx and treatment of disease to prevent permanent disability

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tertiary prevention

begins with a permanent disability, health restoration, regain lost function and develop new compensatory skills possibly w the use of an assistive device such as a cane or hearing aid

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nutrition

science that studies the body’s need for foods, how foods are digested and how food choices relate to health and disease

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malnutrition

poor dietary state that results from lack of essential nutrients or failure to use available foods

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exercise stats

adults shud get at least 30 min of moderate physical exercise per day, children shud get at least 60 min

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proteins

broken down in body into amino acids, which are building blocks needed for repairing body’s cells and tissues

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carbohydrates

starches and dietary fiber that provide fuel and energy for the body

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fats

lipids, cushion and provide insulation for the vital organs in the body

SATURATED → oils that are solid at room temperature

UNSATURATED → oils that are liquid at room temperature

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vitamins

organic compounds that assist in building body tissues and are important in all chem rx

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minerals

inorganic substance that come from the earth and are important in body fx

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water

aids in regulation of body temp, lubricates and cushions joints, protects spinal cord and eliminates waste from body

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mental health

fluctuating state in which individual attempts to adjust to new situations, handle personal problems without undue stress and still contribute to society in a meaningful manner

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emotions

best defined as a feeling state, produce both physiological and psychological changes

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limbic system

comprises interconnected nuclei that affect memory and emotions

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stress

defined as anything that upset our psychological or physiological equilibrium or balance

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GAS

  1. alarm stage → fight or flight response

  2. state of resistance → attempt to adapt to stressors

  3. state of exhaustion → prolonged exposure to stress, body’s energy may become depleted

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separation anxiety stages

  1. protest → loud crying, restlessness and dissatisfaction w substitute caregivers

  2. despair → sense of hopelessness and is seen during a quieter period

  3. detachment → state of withdrawal and apathy, lack of interest in one’s surroundings

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regression

return to earlier stage of development, may be another childhood adaption to stress

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SRRS

social readjustement rating scale (death of spouse, divorce and separation)

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PTSD

affect anyone who has experienced a traumatic incident. last 6 months or become chronic

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maladaptive responses to stress

denial, withdrawal or acting out

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substance abuse

refers to abuse of drugs, such as alcohol, nicotine, caffeine, and legal or illegal pharmaceutical preparations

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stats for smoking

every day 1600 young people start smoking

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studies show that _% of youth ages 12-20 report drinking alcohol

29%, ½ caused by MVA, 1/3 of all homocides, drowning and boating deaths

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anxiety (four levels)

  1. mild anxiety → part of normal, everyday life, sharpens one’s perceptions and prepares them to act

  2. moderate anxiety → increasing discomfort, perceptions decrease

  3. severe anxiety → decreases one’s perceptions even further, focus only on small detail of an event

  4. panic → most EXTREME form of anxiety, unable to think clearly, reality is distorted, communication may be ineffective and behavior is not purposeful

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communication

interaction between two or more persons - exchange of information, ideas, feelings or emotions

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five parts of communication

  1. message → expression of your thoughts and feelings in words, symbols or body language

  2. sender → delivers the message by initiating the conversation

  3. method → convey message determined by sender and can be words, symbols, gestures or a combination of all three

  4. receiver → person to whom message is sent

  5. feedback → response to the message, serves to verify that msg was received as intended

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intrapersonal communication

occurs when individuals are thinking to themselves, helps to control emotional responses

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interpersonal communication

two or more individuals and includes both verbal and nonverbal communication

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verbal communication

transmits attitudes, thoughts and feelings using spoken or written words

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nonverbal communication

body language, may choose to use body language to emphasize their thoughts or feelings and may use gestures without being aware of doing so

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eight modes of nonverbal comm

  1. physical appearance and dress

  2. body movement and posture (open, closed)

  3. facial expression

  4. gestures

  5. eye contact

  6. tone and volume of voice

  7. touch

  8. silence

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personality types

  1. passive/unassertive → have difficulty asking for help, often feel hurt or angry that others are taking advantage of them

  2. aggressive → destructive, angry vocalization to dominate and harm other people

  3. assertive → express confidence and are comfortable sharing their feelings, take responsibility for their action

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social communication

use of language in social contexts, may not have a specific purpose or direction

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therapeutic communication

used between HCP and pt and among nurse, pt and or family members

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cognitive domain

expressed in words

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affective domain

expresses feelings thru TONE of words

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six components of therapeutic comm

  1. listening and observing (active or passive)

  2. warmth

  3. genuineness

  4. attentiveness

  5. empathy

  6. positive regard

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three phases of therapeutic relationship

  1. orientation phase → both nurse and pt will initially experience some anxiety

  2. working phase → nurse determines the type of coping mech that the patient is using and what support systems exist

  3. termination phase → end of relationship

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factors affect comm.

  1. congruence → implies an agreement btwn verbal and nonverbal language

    1. incongruence → occurs when speaker’s works do not match nonverbal communication

  2. time and setting → concerned w what precedes and follows and interaction

  3. proxemics → refers to how close a person can get before they start to feel uncomfy

  4. bias → word to describe a prejudice or a negative belief about someone or something

  5. physical disabilities → such as problem w sight, hearing or illness can interfere w an individual ability to properly communicate

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blocks to communication

  1. belittling → using a statement that dismisses or mocks a person’s beliefs or fears

  2. disagreeing → giving a response that indicates you believe the other person is incorrect

  3. agreeing → statement to show that you believe what the person is saying is correct

  4. defending → responding w a statement or justification or a counter reply to a verbal attack

  5. giving false reassurance → offering a statement of reassurance without sincerity or justification

  6. giving advice → telling another person what you think they should do

  7. changing subject → minimizes significance of speaker’s feelings

  8. asking closed-ended questions → shud be avoided in therapeutic communication bc they encourage a one-word answer of yes or no

  9. asking why questions → increase a person’s uneasiness by demanding an immediate answer

  10. probing → questioning that seeks information beyond what is necessary

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techniques to enhance communication

  1. giving information → helps patients know who you are, what you are doing and what you need from them

  2. validating → making a statement or question that attempts to verify your perception of the person’s verbal and nonverbal message

  3. clarifying → clear up possible misunderstanding or seeking info necessary for your understanding

  4. reflecting → sitting your perception of another person’s message in the affective domain

    1. flashback → reflecting on the past

  5. paraphrasing or restating → similar words for what the other person said

  6. asking broad questions → using open-ended questions

    1. using general leads → short responses to encourage the person to continue talking

  7. stating or making an observation → acknowledge and verbalize thoughts and feelings

  8. offering self → accomplished by listening in silence

  9. focusing → way of directing conversation to a specific topic when you are seeking more information on a poorly defined topic

  10. humor → that does not demean can serve to decrease anxiety, help a person face stress, increase a person’s tolerance to pain

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closed loop communication

depends on feedback to be sure that the sender’s words are heard and clearly understood

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SBAR

  1. situation → describes existing situation of the pt

  2. background → information derived from pt’s history

  3. assessment → information you obtain from physical exam of the pt

  4. recommendation → how you, as nurse, think the problem can be corrected

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culture

describes a social group within a society to which individuals belong and that gives meaning to their lives

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subculture

culture within a dominant culture group that has its own common value, beliefs and interests

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characteristics of culture

  1. learned → when behaviors, values, beliefs and traditions are passed down from one generation to the next generation thru acquisition of language

    1. enculturation → learning the culture thru observation and instruction

  2. shared → most common practice is language

    1. understood by all members of that group

  3. integrated or patterned → based on economics, politics, social patterns, work ethics and individualism (understanding that all individuals are unique)

    1. consists of a collection of cultural traits and behaviors

  4. adaptive → response to environmental and biological demands

    1. increased number of women in the workforce

    2. 47.1% in 2025 and taper off to 46.3% by 2060

    3. diffusion → spread of cultural traits from another culture

    4. acculturation → when values and beliefs are exchanged bc of continous direct interactions btwn cultures

      1. globilization → change thru combo of diffusion + acculturation + migration and tourism

      2. can be maladaptive if it fails to change to meet challenges of the grp

  5. symbolic

    1. ability to develop symbols that allow for communication

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beliefs

truths held by culture’s people, determine and influence how they deal with and view social problems and concerns

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values

deeply embedded characteristics and feelings that determine what is considered good or bad, sense of stability and security

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norms

socially accepted rules and practices that guide an individual behaviors and interactions within the culture

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folkways

customs within the culture that determine how we greet each other

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laws

written policies supported and enforced by the govt

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mores

moral beliefs that are strongly held by members of the culture

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prejudice

negative feelings, attitude or judgement directed toward people bc of their race, gender or sexual orientation

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ethnicity

ppl have a shared cultural heritage and are from same race and geographical area

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transcultural nursing (madeleine leininger)

formal area of study and practice focused on comparative human care and understanding of diff and similarities in beliefs, values and practices among people

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more than __ of all americans will belong to a minority ethnic group other than non-hispanic white

half

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one in _ of the nation’s total population is projected to be foreign-born

1/5

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how many ppl speak a language other than language

1/5 of US population

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cultural relativism

means that professional must learn and seek understanding and apply the other person’s cultural standards to each situation

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cultural competence

ongoing and continuous self-evaluation and development of cultural knowledge and skills which can only be acquired by interacting w or learning abt diverse cultural groups

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cultural awareness

seeking understanding of another person’s culture and ethnicity

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cultural sensitivity

recognizes that diversity exists and that you needs to respect each person’s uniqueness

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cultural barriers

  1. difficulties with the host language

  2. lack of health insurance and access to health care

  3. knowledge deficit

  4. reluctance to question the health provider

  5. adherence to traditional cultural practice

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religion

specific system of beliefs and worship that is closely integrated w/ culture, ethnicity and spirituality