Studied by 29 people
call me martin luther cus im about to pray im going to pass this mub
Columbian Exchange
What did America bring in relation to plants, crops, animals, and diseases?
Crops: Potatoes, tomatoes, Maize
Animals: Turkey
Diseases: Syphilis
(I only noted the most IMPORTANT ones)
Columbian Exchange
What did Africa bring in relation to plants, crops, animals, and diseases?
Crops: Coffee beans, sugar cane
Animals: Horses
Diseases: Flu, smallpox, malaria
(I only noted the most IMPORTANT ones)
What was being traded in the Columbian Exchange?
plants, crops, animals, disease, and firearms
Columbian Exchange
What was the most important item that Europe traded to Africa?
Firearms (liquor was also important)
What was the significance of the Columbian Exchange?
Rapidly grew the population due to improved nutrition (the role of the potato)
What was the Portuguese motives for Colonial Possession in early exploration?
Expand their trade networks
Establish a successful trading post empire
Acquire valuable resources (gold, silver, spices)
Wanted land to plant their cash crops
Desire to spread Christianity
Adam Smith
Argued that capitalism would ultimately improve society as a whole
Martin Luther
Attacked the Roman Catholic church practices and disagreed with indulgences
Most importantly known for creating the Ninety-five Theses
Peace of Westphalia
Settled the Thirty Years’ War which allowed European states to be recognized as sovereign and equal
What did the Peace of Westphalia cause?
Caused the Seven Years War
opposed French Expansion which continued warfare
however it showed rapid growth in military technology
Who discovered the Taino
Columbus
How did Portugal dominate trade?
Their control over sugarcane
Fortified trading post (FTP)
used to establish a foothold in a foreign territory and to gain access to local resources and markets
Why was Portugal interested in Brazil?
They had a lot of land to grow cash-crops such as sugar cane.
What problems did Brazil face as a Portuguese colony?
Marked with conflict by the Indigenous
Imported large numbers of African slaves which increased conflict
Hernan Cortes
brought down the Aztec empire in Mexico.
Francisco Pizarro
brought down the Inca empire in Peru.
Trigangular Trade
What did the Europeans contribute?
Received Cash-crops from America
Sent goods (specifically firearms) to Africa
Trigangular Trade
What did the Africans contribute?
Received Firearms from Europe
Sent slaves to America
Trigangular Trade
What did the Americans contribute?
Received slaves from Africa
Sent cash-crops to Europe
Queen Nzinga (Ndongo Empire)
Resisted the Portuguese influence by establishing temporary alliances with the Dutch to expel Portugal
Posed as a male King
After her death, the Ndongo power declined
Bartolome de Las Casas
An Spanish historian who became famous for his defense of the Indigenous people of the Americas during Spanish colonization
Reconquista
Known as the Reconquest of Spain
Christian conquest and reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula from Muslim rule
Complex mix of religious, political, and economic factors
Volta do mar
Portuguese sailing technique (navigational techniques) which sailors used the winds and currents of the Atlantic to avoid hazards during the Age of Exploration
What did Volta do Mar establish
trade routes and colonies in West Africa and Brazil
made Portugal a major naval power
Ming Dynasty
Known as the “Brillant Dynasty”
Had significant cultural and economic development as well as military expansion. They had advancements in science and technology before their downfall due to economic instability, rebellion, and military conflicts with neighboring countries
Confucianism
Philosophical and ethical system created by China
Emphasized the importance of moral values and social order in society
Bakufu
“Tent government” (temporary government) established by Tokugawa Ieyasu which ended the hundreds of years civil war
Tokugawa Ieyasu
Brought an end to the hundreds of years of civil war in Japan
Established the Tokugawa dynasty.
Forbid foreign relations and books in fear of Daimyo obtaining power
Daimyo
Powerful territorial lords who had their own independent militaries, judiciaries, schools, and foreign relations
“Alternate attendance”
Policy developed by Tokugawa Shogunate in fear that Daimyo would obtain too much power
He required Daimiyo to spend every other year at court in Edo.
Columbus
An Italian explorer known from discovering America, later exploring Caribbean and parts of Central and South America.
Established several colonies through controversial manners (treatment of Indigenous people)
Olaudah Equiano
African writer and abolitionist who bought his own freedom by working a variety of trades (sailor, trader, etc.)
Then settled in England to become involved with the abolitionist movement where he used his own experiences to speak out against the slave trade and eventually making an autobiography.
How did the Ottoman empire respond to religion?
tolerant of other religions and allowed non-Muslim communities to live and practice their faith
(note: they did tax them but it was later removed)
How did the Mughal empire respond to religion?
enforced Islamic law and customs on the population
violent outbreaks against religious minorities as they enforced rules and laws to encourage Hinduism
How were the boundaries of the Ottoman empire?
Ottoman empire expanded through conquests but lost territories due to war through military conquest, diplomacy, and strategic alliances.
Akbar and his rule on religious tolerance (Mughal Empire)
He was open to other religions and his willingness to learn about and respect other faiths.
Abolished the jizya tax
Created a diverse and harmonious society with the Mughal empire
Battle of Chaldiran
Safavid empire against their powerful enemy the Ottoman empire.
Both empires had opposing political beliefs
Ottoman feared Safavid territorial expansions and the spread of Safavid propaganda among the nomadic Turks
Badly damaged the Safavid empire but did not destroy it
Overall idea of Guns, Germs, and Steel
Explores factors that led to the rise of certain civilizations and the domination of some societies over the other
What factor were talked about Guns, Germs, and Steel
Societies were able to spread due to the access to domesticable plants and animals as well as geographic features like rivers and coastlines
If they lacked these factors then they would be a hunter-gather society and less likely to develop a complex society
(Note: Disease played a dominant part in certain societies arguing that domesticated animals to humans gave societies immunity to diseases )
German Unification
German states were united into a signal nation-state (Germany)
Quickly emerged a major power in Europe and was a major factor in the outbreak of WWI
Motivation of the German Unification
After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire, the German-speaking territories broke off into separate states which led to political instability and economic inefficiencies.
Political leaders harnessed nationalist aspirations and emphasized the importance of national identity and cultural heritage.
What major power played a role in the German Unification?
Prussia and other powers had a strong centralized government and military where they expanded their influence to other German States.
Otto Von Bismark
believed unified Germany would be a major power in Europe
Haitian revolution
First successful slave revolt which resulted in the establishment of Haiti as an independent nation
What did the Declaration of Independence emphasize?
political thought in justifying the colonies’ quest for independence
inspired by the Enlightenment
Forwarded idea that individuals established governments to secure rights, and that governments derive their power and authority from the governed
Listed abuses done by the British crown
What did the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen emphasize?
Influenced by Declaration of Independence
Guiding principles of political and social reform
Equality of all men, sovereignty resided in the people, asserted Indvidual rights to liberty, property, and security
The Enlightenment
emphasized reason, science, individualism, and human progress, and its ideas had a profound impact on political and social developments around the world
How was the Indigenous people affected by disease?
When Spanish explorers arrived in America they brought diseases with them that Native Americans had no immunity to. This weakened military strength and made them more vulnerable to Spanish attacks which allowed them to get conquered more easily .
Role of Patriarchy in Ming dynasty
Family was the basic unit of society and the Patriarch was seen as the head of the famliy and primary source of authority
Men: providers and protectors
Women: obedient and submissive
Why was there an emergence of powerful women in the Ming Dynasty?
They wanted to challenge gender roles as they were often seen as obedient to their husband and fathers
Portuguese relationship with the Swahili city states
Portugese mariner Vasco de Gama skirmished with local forces
attempted to build administrative centers to control trade
Failed, but disrupted trade patterns enough to send Swahili states into an irreversible decline
Foot binding
Involved tight wrapping of young girl’s feet with strips of cloth to prevent natural growth of the bones, leading to tiny malformed curved feet
practiced by wealthy families
strengthened patriarchal authority
Relationships between the Seljuk turks and persians
Known for their military prowess and patronage of Persian culture and scholarship
Persian became prominent in arts, society, and culture
Suleiman the Magnificent
The leader of the Ottoman Empire during the “Golden Age” .
Known for military conquests and patronage to the arts and culture
Wanted to ensure fair treatment for all citizens (religious tolerance)
