CLWH Benchmark I

call me martin luther cus im about to pray im going to pass this mub

**Columbian Exchange**

What did America bring in relation to plants, crops, animals, and diseases?

**Crops**: Potatoes, tomatoes, Maize

**Animals**: Turkey

**Diseases**: Syphilis

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(I only noted the most IMPORTANT ones)

**Columbian Exchange**

What did Africa bring in relation to plants, crops, animals, and diseases?

**Crops**: Coffee beans, sugar cane

**Animals**: Horses

**Diseases**: Flu, smallpox, malaria

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(I only noted the most IMPORTANT ones)

What was being traded in the Columbian Exchange?

plants, crops, animals, **disease**, and firearms

**Columbian Exchange**

What was the most important item that Europe traded to Africa?

Firearms (liquor was also important)

What was the significance of the Columbian Exchange?

Rapidly grew the population due to improved nutrition (the role of the potato)

What was the Portuguese motives for Colonial Possession in early exploration?

* Expand their trade networks
* Establish a successful trading post empire
* Acquire valuable resources (gold, silver, spices)
* Wanted land to plant their cash crops
* Desire to spread Christianity

Adam Smith

Argued that **capitalism** would ultimately improve society as a whole 

Martin Luther  

Attacked the Roman Catholic church practices and disagreed with **indulgences** 

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Most importantly known for creating the **Ninety-five Theses**

Peace of Westphalia

Settled the Thirty Years’ War which allowed European states to be recognized as sovereign and equal

What did the Peace of Westphalia cause?

Caused the Seven Years War

* opposed French Expansion which continued warfare
* however it showed rapid growth in military technology

Who discovered the Taino

Columbus

How did Portugal dominate trade?

Their control over sugarcane

**Fortified trading post (FTP)**

used to establish a foothold in a foreign territory and to gain access to local resources and markets

Why was Portugal interested in Brazil?

They had a lot of land to grow cash-crops such as sugar cane.

What problems did Brazil face as a Portuguese colony?

Marked with conflict by the Indigenous 

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Imported large numbers of African slaves which increased conflict

**Hernan Cortes**

brought down the **Aztec empire** in Mexico.

**Francisco Pizarro**

brought down the **Inca empire** in Peru. 

**Trigangular Trade**

What did the Europeans contribute?

Received Cash-crops from America

Sent goods (specifically firearms) to Africa

**Trigangular Trade**

What did the Africans contribute?

Received Firearms from Europe

Sent slaves to America

**Trigangular Trade**

What did the Americans contribute?

Received slaves from Africa

Sent cash-crops to Europe

Queen Nzinga (Ndongo Empire)

Resisted the Portuguese influence by establishing temporary alliances with the Dutch to expel Portugal

* Posed as a male King 
* After her death, the Ndongo power declined

Bartolome de Las Casas 

An Spanish historian who became famous for his defense of the Indigenous people of the Americas during Spanish colonization 

Reconquista

Known as the Reconquest of **Spain** 

* Christian conquest and reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula from Muslim rule 
* Complex mix of religious, political, and economic factors 

Volta do mar 

Portuguese sailing technique (navigational techniques) which sailors used the winds and currents of the Atlantic to avoid hazards during the Age of Exploration

What did Volta do Mar establish

trade routes and colonies in West Africa and Brazil

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made Portugal a major naval power

Ming Dynasty

Known as the *“Brillant Dynasty”*

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Had significant cultural and economic development as well as military expansion. They had advancements in science and technology before their downfall due to economic instability, rebellion, and military conflicts with neighboring countries

Confucianism  

Philosophical and ethical system created by China 

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Emphasized the importance of moral values and social order in society

*Bakufu* 

“Tent government” (temporary government) established by Tokugawa Ieyasu which ended the hundreds of years civil war

*Tokugawa Ieyasu* 

* Brought an end to the hundreds of years of civil war in Japan 


* Established the Tokugawa dynasty. 


* Forbid foreign relations and books in fear of Daimyo obtaining power 

*Daimyo* 

Powerful territorial lords who had their own independent militaries, judiciaries, schools, and foreign relations 

“Alternate attendance”

Policy developed by Tokugawa Shogunate in fear that Daimyo would obtain too much power

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He required Daimiyo to spend every other year at court in Edo.

Columbus 

An Italian explorer known from discovering America, later exploring Caribbean and parts of Central and South America.

* Established several colonies through controversial manners (treatment of Indigenous people) 

*Olaudah Equiano* 

African writer and abolitionist  who bought his own freedom by working a variety of trades (sailor, trader, etc.) 

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Then settled in England to become involved with the abolitionist movement where he used his own experiences to speak out against the slave trade and eventually making an autobiography.

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How did the Ottoman empire respond to religion?

tolerant of other religions and allowed non-Muslim communities to live and practice their faith

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(note: they did tax them but it was later removed)

How did the Mughal empire respond to religion?

enforced Islamic law and customs on the population

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violent outbreaks against religious minorities as they enforced rules and laws to encourage Hinduism 

How were the boundaries of the Ottoman empire?

Ottoman empire expanded through conquests but lost territories due to war through military conquest, diplomacy, and strategic alliances.

Akbar and his rule on religious tolerance (Mughal Empire)

He was open to other religions and his willingness to learn about and respect other faiths.

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Abolished the jizya tax

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Created a diverse and harmonious society with the Mughal empire

*Battle of Chaldiran* 

**Safavid empire** against their powerful enemy the **Ottoman empire**. 

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Both empires had opposing political beliefs

* Ottoman feared Safavid territorial expansions and the spread of Safavid propaganda among the nomadic Turks 
* Badly damaged the Safavid empire but did not destroy it

Overall idea *of Guns, Germs, and Steel* 

Explores factors that led to the rise of certain civilizations and the domination of some societies over the other 

What factor were talked about *Guns, Germs, and Steel* 

* Societies were able to spread due to the access to domesticable plants and animals as well as geographic features like rivers and coastlines  
* If they lacked these factors then they would be a hunter-gather society and less likely to develop a complex society 

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(**Note**: Disease played a dominant part in certain societies arguing that domesticated animals to humans gave societies immunity to diseases )

German Unification

German states were united into a signal nation-state (Germany)

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Quickly emerged a major power in Europe and was a major factor in the outbreak of WWI

Motivation of the German Unification

After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire, the German-speaking territories broke off into separate states which led to **political instability and economic inefficiencies**.

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Political leaders harnessed nationalist aspirations and emphasized the importance of **national identity and cultural heritage.**

What major power played a role in the German Unification?

Prussia and other powers had a strong centralized government and military where they expanded their influence to other German States.

Otto Von Bismark

believed unified Germany would be a major power in Europe

Haitian revolution

First successful slave revolt which resulted in the establishment of Haiti as an independent nation

What did the Declaration of Independence emphasize?

political thought in justifying the colonies’ quest for independence 

* inspired by the Enlightenment
* Forwarded idea that individuals established governments to secure rights, and that governments derive their power and authority from the governed 
* Listed abuses done by the British crown 

What did the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen emphasize?

* Influenced by Declaration of Independence 
* Guiding principles of political and social reform 
* Equality of all men, sovereignty resided in the people, asserted Indvidual rights to liberty, property, and security  

The Enlightenment

emphasized reason, science, individualism, and human progress, and its ideas had a profound impact on political and social developments around the world

How was the Indigenous people affected by disease?

When Spanish explorers arrived in America they brought diseases with them that Native Americans had no immunity to. This weakened military strength and made them more vulnerable to Spanish attacks which allowed them to get conquered more easily .

Role of Patriarchy in Ming dynasty

Family was the basic unit of society and the Patriarch was seen as the head of the famliy and primary source of authority 

Men: providers and protectors

Women: obedient and submissive

Why was there an emergence of powerful women in the Ming Dynasty?

They wanted to challenge gender roles as they were often seen as obedient to their husband and fathers

Portuguese relationship with the Swahili city states 

Portugese mariner Vasco de Gama skirmished with local forces 

* attempted to build administrative centers to control trade 


* Failed, but disrupted trade patterns enough to send Swahili states into an irreversible decline 

Foot binding

Involved tight wrapping of young girl’s feet with strips of cloth to prevent natural growth of the bones, leading to tiny malformed curved feet 

* practiced by wealthy families
* strengthened patriarchal authority

Relationships between the Seljuk turks and persians 

* Known for their military prowess and patronage of Persian culture and scholarship 
* Persian became prominent in arts, society, and culture 

Suleiman the Magnificent

The leader of the Ottoman Empire during the “Golden Age” . 

* Known for military conquests and patronage to the arts and culture 
* Wanted to ensure fair treatment for all citizens (religious tolerance)