Lymphatics/Immunity (Fill in the Blanks)

The lymphatic system is a network of organs and vein-like vessels that penetrate most other tissues to recover___.

leaked fluids

Lymphatic vessels include (4 of them)

Lymphatic capillaries, Collecting vessels, Trunks, Ducts

Lymphoid organs include (5 of them)

Red bone marrow

Thymus gland

Lymph nodes

Tonsils

Spleen

The arteriole side of blood capillaries leak plasma and 85% of it is reabsorbed by the venule side of those same capillaries.The remaining 15% enters ___ as ___.

lymphatic capillaries, lymph

The lymphatic capillaries around the intestine

are called__.

lacteals

Anything that prevents lymph drainage into lacteals or other lymphatic capillaries causes ___.

lymphedema

Lymphatic capillaries are microscopic and in all tissues except (4)

Cornea

Cartilage

Bone

Bone marrow

What are the gaps between endothelial cells of lymphatic capillary walls that are large enough to let bacteria enter called?

intercellular clefts

Larger lymphatic vessels have three tunics:

◦ Tunica interna made of ___.

◦ Tunica media made of___.

◦ Tunica externa made of___

endothelium, smooth muscle, ct tissue

Flow of Lymph (5 steps)

Lymphatic capillaries

Collecting vessels

Lymphatic trunks

Collecting ducts

Subclavian Veins

The single intestinal trunk drains into a dilated, sac-like lymphatic vessel in the abdomen called the ___.

cisterna chyli

The cisterna chyli is the___, collecting lymph from the lower limbs and fatty lymph from the intestines.

origin of the thoracic duct

The right lymphatic duct drains lymph into the right subclavian vein from the right __ __ __ __, The __drains lymph into the left

subclavian vein from everywhere else

arm, side of head, side of chest, side of neck thoracic duct

Forward flow of lymphatic valves is controlled by..

___ of tunica media contracting.

Surrounding ___ contracting.

Pulsations of nearby __.

___ and contraction of the __.

The rapid blood flow through the __ creating a __effect.

Smooth muscle,skeletal muscles, arteries, Expansion,thorax, subclavian

veins, suction

Lymphatics associated with neuroglia make up the __ system

glymphatic

___cells destroy cancerous cells,bacteria, fungi, or __infected by viruses without prior sensitization.

Natural killer (NK), cells

___mature in the thymus and regulate___

T cells, other immune responses

B cells differentiate into__ cells that make __

plasma, antibodies

Macrophages are ____that detect, engulf, and digest pathogens before displaying their antigens which activates___.

antigen-presenting cells (APCs), T cells

Dendritic cells are __

APCs

Diffuse lymphoid tissue (MALT ___ ) consists of scattered lymphocytes in

◦ ___ mucosa

◦ ___ mucosa

◦ ___ mucosa

◦ ___mucosa

mucosa associated lymphoid tissue, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive

___ consist of densely packed lymphocytes and macrophages in__ of small intestine

Lymphoid nodules, Peyer’s patches

What are the primary lymphoid organs?

Red Bone Marrow, Thymus

Red bone marrow where __ cells become immunocompetent.Thymus where _ cells become immunocompetent

B, T

___ cells migrate to 2o lymphoid organs: __ __ __

Competent, Lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen

Red bone marrow is involved in ___ and immunity, separated from bone tissue by__.

Maturing blood cells push through reticular cells and endothelial cells to enter __ before entering general circulation.

hematopoiesis, endosteum, sinusoids

The thymus undergoes __ and _ with age.

T cells cannot mature here after age 65, causing __.

involution, atrophy, immunosenescence

Its surrounding capsule has inward __ (trabeculae) dividing the gland into lobes each with a cortex and a medulla.

septa

Most people have __ lymph nodes

450,

There are 3 sets of tonsils __ tonsils, _tonsils, and _tonsils

Their epithelial covering has __ full of WBCs

Tonsillitis typically refers to inflammation of the __ tonsils

Pharyngeal/adenoids, Palatine, Lingual, tonsillar crypts, palatine

The spleen is the ___ lymphoid organs, with red and white pulp, which___ rbcs

destroys old

__consists of swollen, painful lymph nodes responding to pathogens

Lymphadenitis

Cancers often metastasize to the first lymph node encountered but cancerous nodes are usually __.

painless

__immunity involves rapid, _defenses present from birth (no prior exposure)

Innate, non-specific

__immunity is slower, but responses that develop after __ to pathogens that creates long-lasting immunological memory.

Adaptive, highly specific, exposure

Innate Immunity has a first line ( ___, ____) and second line of defense (5 components)

Unbroken skin, unbroken mucous membrane, Phagocytic cells, NK cells, Antimicrobial Proteins, Fever Inflammation

All leukocytes are a part of innate immunity, true or false?

False → Lymphocytes are innate (NK cells) and adaptive (B cells, T cells)

Neutrophils fight ___ and __

bacteria and fungi

Lymphocytes fight bacterial, fungal, or viral pathogens and attack___

cancer cells

What are the 3 steps NK cells take to fight germs?

Binds to infected cell

Releases performis → makes holes in the cell’s plasma membrane

Secrete granzymes that trigger apoptosis into those holes

Monocytes differentiate into __ or __ cells that fight pathogens by acting as __ that display foreign antigens to T

cells, triggering the adaptive immune response.

macrophages, dendritic, APCs (antigen presenting cells)

Eosinophils modulate allergic reactions and fight ___ by binding to __ and releasing ___ proteins

parasites, parasites, cytotoxic

___ means abnormally high numbers

of eosinophils in blood which indicates:

◦ ___ infection

◦ ___

◦ ___ disorders

Eosinophilia, Parasitic, Allergic reaction, Autoimmune

Basophils increase the __ of other WBCs by secreting ,_,_,_,

mobility/activity, Leukotrienes, Histamine, Heparin

Basophils secrete __ which attracts and activates neutrophils and eosinophils.

Leukotrienes

Basophils secrete __, to trigger _ enabling all other WBCs to enter the area.

Histamine, vasodilation

Basophils secrete __, to inhibit _ that would otherwise slow down the arrival of other WBCs

Heparin, clotting

__ are antiviral signaling proteins produced by infected host cells to fight viruses and stop them from being produced in other cells by:

◦ Triggering nearby uninfected cells to stop __.

◦ Triggering __ in nearby infected cells.

◦ Activating __ to destroy infected cell

Interferons, protein synthesis, apoptosis, NK cells

The __ makes more than 30 globular proteins that make up the _ system which

triggers the _ cascade that involves … (4)

Liver, complement, complement, inflammation, immune clearance, enhanced phagocytosis, cytolysis

The complement cascade can be triggered in three different ways __pathway, pathway, _ pathway

The classical pathway (antibody dependent)

The alternative pathway

The lectin pathway

Another term for fever is __

___ are fever-reducing drugs

pyrexia, Antipyretics

Two major forms of adaptive immunity

include:

◦ __ immunity involving B cells

◦ __ immunity involving T cells

Humoral, Cell-mediated

B cells develop in __, and are APCs

When they encounter foreign antigens, they perform endocytosis to internalize the antigens before breaking them into fragments called ___.

which are then displayed in grooves of __ proteins on the surface of the APC

epitopes, major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

Each B cell receptor has a unique __ that allows it to recognize and bind to only___

variable region, one specific type of foreign antigen

Clonal Selection in B cells is triggered by ___ that bind to the displayed ___, so B cells perform __ and make many copies

Helper T cells, antigen, mitosis

There are two results of clonal selection

1: Those that keep their __ in their plasma membrane called __

2.) and those who secrete their __ as _ called __

receptors, memory cells, receptors, antibodies, plasma cells

IG antibodies make up __% of circulating antibodies

80

What is it called when functionally important parts of antigen are rendered useless (ex: bacteria cannot detect their surroundings)

neutralization

What is it called when the classical complement cascade triggered to destroy foreign cells?

Complement Fixation

What is it called when foreign cells are immobilized and clump together until phagocytes destroy them

Agglutination

What is it called when toxins or poisons are clumped together until phagocytes remove them

Precipitation

The __ response has a long lag phase (_days) for __ activation

1o immune, 4 – 7, B lymphocyte

The __ response has a short lag phase (__days) due to existing __cells. More _ is produced during 2o responses.

2o immune, 1 – 4, memory IgG

Positive Selection in the thymus is when __ epithelial cells “test” T cells to see if they _.

cortical,express the proper receptors

Negative Selection in the Thymus is when __ epithelial cells “test” T cells by showing them self-antigens. Those that _ fail

medullary, self-antigens, react

In clonal selection of T cells, those that bind to and directly destroy infected cells are called __ T cells

Those that trigger clonal selection in B cells are called __ T cells

And those that remain after full recovery from illness are called __ cells

cytotoxic, helper, memory

__ is a reaction to tissue transplanted from another person

Alloimmunity

___ is an abnormal reaction to one’s own tissues.

Autoimmunity

__ are reactions to environmental antigens or allergens

Allergies

There are four types of hypersensitivities:

Type I, which is __, could be _ or _

Type II, __ or _

◦ Type III ◦ Intense inflammation beneath __ layers within organs if circulating antigen-antibody complexes get stuck there.

◦ Type IV ◦ Delayed reaction (__hours) after exposure (ex: __ )

most common, allergies, asthma, mismatched blood, drugs, endothelial, 12 – 72, poison ivy

__ is a hereditary lack of B and T cells

Severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID)

___ is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)