L22-reductions

What is a good reducing agent for aldehydes and ketones

Sodium borohydride (mild reducing agent )

What are the two steps/reagents needed when carrying out a reduction of aldehydes and ketones

1. Mild or strong reducing agent and a solvent e.g. ethanol

2. Acid

What is needed when doing a reduction involving carboxylic acids, esters amides and what happens in the reaction

1. Strong reducing agent (as they have a higher oxidation level )

2. No acid as the intermediate contains a leaving group that can leave

3. remember that the product an aldehyde/ketone is more reactive than the reactant so it also reacts with the reducing agent

4. Forms alcohol

What type of carbonyl compounds can mild reducing agents react with

Only the most reactive ones, the ones less reactive than ketones need a strong reducing agent

What product is formed when nitriles are reduced

Amines

What is the reaction for the reduction of alkenes (Ethene for example ) +what are the catalysts

H2 and pd/c

Both hydrogens are delivered in the same face

What is the product and reagents of the reduction of an alkyne

Alkyne → alkene → alkane

H2 and pd/c (or Lindlar catalyst which is just poised pd/c )

when lindlar is used reduction is stoped at the alkene (cis only as both hydrogens are delivered at the same face )

What sort of compounds use hydrogen and pd/c as their reducing agent

nitro

Alkynes

Alkenes

What does nature/ our bodies use to make reduction (oxidation ) reactions occur

NADH/NADPH and its reduced into NAD+

(nicotineamide adenine dinucleotide )