INTRO TO SOCIOLOGY - 10/7 EXAM

anomie - and who was term coined by ?

a state of social lawlessness and being out of society’s control, emile durkheim

sociological imagination

the ability to reflect on one’s own society/culture and compare it to others’, having an open mind

impression management

acting/behaving in a way that is seen favorably, protecting yourself from negative perceptions.

audience segregation

picking and choosing how you act in front of a given audience (ex. friends vs. parents)

civil inattention

silent acknowledgement of others

response cries

small utterances in response to others (exs. “oops” “sorry” “excuse me”

focused interaction

one-on-one, intimate interaction

unfocused interaction

addressing/communicating with a larger group

social dramaturgy

idea that life is a stage and we are always acting

who coined the three types of capital?

Pierre Bourdieu

social capital

an accumulation of connections, friends, and trust

economic capital

an accumulation of funds or property, a marxian idea of capital

culture capital

an accumulation of social assets, ex. speaking multiple languages

what does a mixture of capital equal?

a higher societal standing

ethnomethodology

the science of making sense of what people say and do

interactional vandalism

the act of purposefully acting/speaking to someone outside of social norms.

agency + structure

the ability to exercise one’s own free will

social order

laws, rules, regulations, or norms that are made to maintain order within society

social construction

multiple realities/ideas that are defined by a dominant group and maintained over time.

social change

society’s tendency to constantly grow + evolve

what are the three levels of analysis

macro, meso, and micro

macro

large scale - exs. the global economy, international systems of government

meso

medium scale - exs. communities, organizations, national government

micro

small scale - individual/personal level (small groups)

symbolic interactionism

how meanings change based on context

functionalism

idea that society is a complex system and all parts work together to maintain it.

conflict theories

• macro theory

• marxism

• class conflict

• politics and economy

rational choice theory

• micro theory

• human decision making

• weighing pros/cons

postmodern theory

• neither micro, meso, or macro

• society is everchanging

• social life is multidimensional

• challenges notion of linearity/history

what led to the rise of the modern nation state?

war, global expansion, and colonialism

global north

wealthier and industrialized (US, UK, South Korea, etc.)

global south

impoverished and poor infrastructure (Brazil, Indonesia, Africa, etc.

cultural appropriation

when members of one cultural group borrow elements from another group’s culture

subculture

• outside of a larger, dominant culture

• separate but DO NOT demand mainstream culture change

• EX. Amish

counterculture

• type of subculture

• separate AND demand social/political change

• EX. Hippies

What are the four zones of personal space?

intimate, personal, social, and public (regionalization)

intimate distance

lovers, family, etc. (< 1.5 ft)

personal distance

friends (1.5-4 ft)

social distance

formal situations, job interviews (4-12 ft)

public distance

audiences (> 12 ft)

auguste comte

• french

• coined term sociology - “social physics”

• functionalist

• wrote the positive philosophy

emile durkheim

• french

• functionalist '

• did suicide research

• consensus sociology - community keeps us together

• known for anomie and division of labor in society

max veber

• german

• known for rationalization, bureaucracy, and rational choice theory

• influenced by karl marx but challenged his ideas

karl marx

• german

• known for marxism → wrote the communist manifesto

• saw capitalism as destructive and wanted to end class inequality

• developed the conflict theories

• believed revolution = social change

w.e.b du bois

• american

• co-founder of the NAACP

• 1st african american to graduate from harvard

harriet martineau

• english

• first female sociologist

• translated comte’s “the positive philosophy”

• did fieldwork in america

edward t hall

• zones of personal space

pierre bourdieu

• french

• coined the forms of capital

• culture wars

c. wright mills

• coined sociological imagination

• questioned whether or not humans have control of their own destiny

elijah anderson

• author of ‘streetwise’ and ‘the cosmopolitan canopy’

• cosmos vs. ethnos (openminded vs closedminded)

george herbert mead

• symbolic interactionism

mark granovetter

• the strength of weak ties

charles tilly

• nation states

• global north vs. south

margaret thatcher

• UK prime minister

• argued for individualism

• wants to limit role and size of government

erving goffman

• coined social dramaturgy (frontstage v. backstage)

• didn’t believe in ‘true self’

• came up with impression management, audience segregation, civil inattention, response cries, and focused vs. unfocused interactions

harold garfinkel

• ethnomethodology

alexis de tocqueville

• traveled to and did research in America in 1831

network

a group of interdependent actors and the relationship between them

• represents connections of social life and influences individual life and wellbeing

what is the importance of GROUPS?

• huge sociological concept

• humans are social creatures

• connection and unity

social group

a collection of people based on common interests or identity

social aggregate

a collection of people without an underlined interest, simply existing in the same place at the same time

social category

people who share a common characteristic but do not necessarily interact or identify with one another (ex. republicans vs democrats, all american)

primary groups

• ‘backstage’

• family and friends

secondary groups

• ‘frontstage’

• classmates or teachers, etc.

in group

small collection of people with a shared interest or identity

out group

people who do not belong in a specific in group

reference group

collection of people that we use as a standard of comparison and self-evaluation.

organization

a group of people working toward a specific goal or cause

formal organization

• goal achievement

• rules and regulations

• structured

informal organization

• the behind the scenes, what REALLY goes on