Bio Chapter 1: Mendelian Inheritance

Complementary Base Pairs

A (Adenine) pairs with T (Thymine)

G(Guanine) pairs with C (Cytosine)

Chromatin

Loosly wound DNA and Proteins for Organization

Chromosome

Chromatin when packed up super tightly and super coiled for protection during cell division

Genome

An instruction manual for making biological structures. It contains all the information necessary for the growth, development, and functioning of that organism.

Coding Region

The part of a gene that contains the coding sequences for proteins, which are translated into functional products.

Non Coding Region

The segment of a gene that does not code for proteins. Non-coding regions can regulate gene expression and may have other functional roles.

Gene

A nucleic acid sequence that encodes one functional protein

What is the sequence of DNA, transcription and translation?

The process by which the genetic information in DNA is transcribed into RNA, and then translated into a specific sequence of amino acids to form a protein.

Transcription from DNA to mRNA

is the first step in gene expression, where the DNA sequence is copied into a complementary RNA sequence.

RNA complementary base strand

that pairs with the DNA template strand during transcription, following base pairing rules. A pairs with U and G pairs with C

Exons

Coding Regions

Intron

Non Coding regions that get removed during splicing

Ribosomes

Cellular structures that synthesize proteins by translating messenger RNA.

Translation into protein

is the process where ribosomes decode mRNA sequences to produce polypeptides, which then fold into functional proteins.

Codon

each set of three nucleotides code for a particular amino acid

Genetic Mutation

A change in the nucleotide sequence of a genome

Spontaneous Mutation

A mutation that occurs inside of the cell with no external disruptions

Damage from environment

causes changes in DNA that can lead to mutations. Changes externally (Radiation, chemicals, and viruses)

Replication Errors

Mistakes made during DNA replication that can result in mutations if not corrected such as deletion, insertion, and substitution.

Allele

Different variants of a gene

Gene Locus

The position of a certain gene on a chromosome

Synonymous Substitution

Nucleotide Substitution that does not change the amino acid sequence.

Non-Synonymous Substitution

Nucleotide substitution that alters the amino acid sequence.

Diploid organisms

Two pairs of homologous Chromosomes

-Same characteristics and same name

-One from the mother and one from the father

-Same genes

Homozygous Dominant

AA

Homozygous Recessive

aa

Heterozygous

Aa

Dominant Allele

An allele that expresses its phenotype in the presence of another allele, often represented by a capital letter.

Recessive Allele

An allele that expresses its phenotype only when two copies are present, often represented by a lowercase letter.

Genotype

an individuals combination of alleles at one or more gene locus’s

Phenotype

observable traits of an organism

Traits or charactersitics

Any observable characteristics of an organism

Phenotype

A variant of a trait expressed by the genotype

Blended Inheritance

offspring that are a mix of their parents traits

Discrete Inheritance

Traits that are inherited independently and show distinct categories without blending.

Concept of Dominance

If an individual has at least one copy of the dominant allele for a trait, that trait will be expressed in the phenotype.

Individuals with two copies of the recessive allele with show the recessive phenotype.

Principles of Segregation

The Principle of Segregation states that during the formation of gametes, the two alleles responsible for a trait separate from each other. This means each gamete carries only one allele for each trait.

Incomplete Dominance

Not one allele is more dominant over the other. Instead, the resulting phenotype is a blend of both alleles, resulting in an intermediate expression.

No linkage between loci

The Probability of producing BT=bT

Linkage between loci

Probability of producing BT>bT